The Story Of An Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao - 1147 Words

The Role of Sexuality in Traditional Dominican Culture Sexuality in traditional Dominican culture dominates Diaz’s novel, â€Å"The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao.† The descriptions and experiences of the main characters in the novel, namely, Oscar, Lola, Beli and Yunior highlight the theme of sexuality in Dominican culture. Yunior is the hyper-masculine narrator who presents sexuality in terms of the power and expectation of Dominican masculinity (Asencio 108). He embodies the ‘el machismo’ masculinity stereotype prevalent in Dominican culture where men have high sex drive and the power to dominate women by controlling their sexuality through violence, coercion, and verbal aggression. Oscar contradicts this machismo power by appearing emasculated like a woman. This shows that women have lower social standing compared to men, even lower than that of weak men like Oscar in Dominican culture. Sexuality plays a central role in Diaz’s novel to illustra te the dominance of masculinity over women in Dominican culture. Oscar and Yunior illustrate opposing forms of masculinity. While Oscar’s awkward, fat, and nerdy character puts him in conflict with the hyper-masculine Dominican society, Yunior embodies the macho identity required by this society through his sexual aggression towards women. Their values also clash because Oscar shows respect and is faithful in his relationships, whereas Yunior is a womanizer who cannot respect beautiful women (Melissa 281). Yunior perceives no valueShow MoreRelatedThe Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao Analysis1691 Words   |  7 PagesThe Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, a novel composed by Junot Diaz, Oscar Wao tells in what presents to be an oral conversation, consisting in part youth with popular cultural references to fantasy and sci-fi, or American hip-hop, and of Spanish slang extracted from the language of Puerto Rican, Dominican, Cuban, and South American. Diaz uses transnational as a critique contributing to the inspection of the achievements and the limitations of multiculturalism and its academic phenomenon, ethnicRead MoreEssay about Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao1835 Words   |  8 PagesPaper Eng 102 Professor Peterson Trujillo and the Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao is not a happy book. The Author, Junot Diaz, does a great job fooling the reader into believing the story is about the De Leon family, specifically Oscar who is an over weight nerd trying to find the love of his life, but due to a family â€Å"fuku† or curse Oscar is having a lot of trouble doing so. Instead, the story actually portrays the dark history of the Dominican RepublicRead MoreThe Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao Essay1697 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween peoples of different racial categories. In addition, the strained and chained dislodgment of millions of indigenous Africans by white hegemony immensely added to the current racial hybridity of the Americas. Junot Diaz’s novel, The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao brilliantly illuminates the struggles of the immigrant as he tries to find a sense of belonging in a new environment whilst carrying a heavy, culturally inherited baggage that is part of an individual identity. In this particular caseRead MoreThe Farming Of Bones And The Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao1270 Words   |  6 Pagesunder the rule of the dictator, Trujillo. â€Å"The Farming of Bones† and â€Å"The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao† were two different stories of innocent characters who lived and were affected during Trujillo’s reign. These stories targeted the central problems that the characters went through and the amount of impact it caused them through this cruel leadership. During that time, many were oppressed and were forced to cope with the life style that Trujillo created. Oppression played a significant role in theRead MoreThe Theme of Latino Masculinity in The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao785 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿The Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao by Junot Diaz portraits the life of Oscar de LèÅ'…on. By blending elements of reality with fantasy and science-fiction, the author paints this cursed journey of Oscar, doomed to act the rol e of the contemporary geek. The story follows Oscar in his search to find a girl that will return his love, although he doesnt meet the societys masculinity standards. Latino masculinity is a dominant concept in the novel, for that is the main catalyst for all the actionsRead MoreBrief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao1560 Words   |  7 PagesThe Fukued Dominican In The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao we explore an extensive look at our main character, Oscar. A slightly overweight, highly animated, geek of all geeks, and above all a nice kid who is passionately in love with women. Love and violence fuel each other in Junot Dà ­az’s The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao. Oscar doesn t seem to find love until his life is ultimately life threatened. Oscar and our narrator Yunior, are opposites when it comes to Dominican masculinity and actRead MoreAnalysis Of The Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao857 Words   |  4 PagesDiaz. â€Å"The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao† is the title of Junot Diaz book in which we can perceive the author’s allusion to William’s Shakespeare play in order to comprehend the book better wise. There are many allusions that Junot Diaz had in mind of the play â€Å"The Tempest† while writing his book and the one that beats them all is the resembles of the rightful Duke of Milan in the play, Prospero and Yunior, the narrator of the story of Oscar Wao. Each of their personalities, story and character’sRead MoreThe Plague Of Doves And The Great Gatsby1743 Words   |  7 Pagescharacters in the works The Plague of Doves, The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, and The Great Gatsby come from different backgrounds and hold a variety of intersectional identifiers, they encounter similar steps while attempting to life lives separate from their historic lineage. The characters in the works develop relationships with surrogate parental figures in order to escape their histories and ultimately, find success. In The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, this relationship is observed with BeliRead MoreOscar Wao Essay626 Words   |  3 Pagesfrom the preceding action and the character’s nature is what should truly be examined. Not only is the ending of The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao by Junot Diaz both happy and unhappy, it is logical in the sense that it foll ows logically from the climax of the novel all while the character’s have been constant throughout, except Oscar. Oscar, the protagonist experiences a life-changing transformation that leads to his untimely death. However, the ending is convincing because of this transformationRead MoreJunot Diaz s Truly Does Tell The Brief Story Of The Wondrous Life Of Oscar De Leon1660 Words   |  7 PagesJunot Diaz’s novel truly does tell the brief story of the wondrous life of Oscar de Là ©on, our Dominican-American protagonist, better known as Oscar Wao. Weighing in at 245 pounds, our hopeless romantic loves comic books, writes science-fiction in all of his spare time, and, as described by our homodiegetic narrator Yunior, is a â€Å"loser with a capital L† (Diaz 17). While the title might allude that this is a story solely about Oscar, Diaz also delves deep into the lives of those closest to him. This

Internship Is A Opportunity For College Students - 1333 Words

An internship is one of the the most valuable off campus activity that one can experience before their graduation. The primary goal of an internship is to add educational experience to students. Internships help encourage a link between theory and real practice. An internship gives a learning possibility for college students to use ideas, information and skills gained from real situational tasks, to judge the acceptability of a future career, and to fight for their future employment and to develop an awareness of community, economic and social problems in an exceedingly international society. The scope of internship includes the expectation for college students to remodel sensible experiences into a thoughtful analysis of the spot. There area unit several fields in numerous industries that provide internships like care, retail marketing, engineering science, finance, marketing, administrative work, etc. Internship is a great way to earn work experience, that then helps develop the st udent s abilities for their careers. There some people that believe internship is not a great way for experience, that internship is an exploitation of the students by the companies and universities. For example, a researcher at the Himalayan Languages Project named Ross Perlin seems to believe that internships are an exploitation specifically with this statement â€Å"Instead of steering students toward the best opportunities and encouraging them to value their work, many institutions of higherShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Internships On The Life Of A Law Student1070 Words   |  5 PagesImportance of internships in the life of a law student William Shakespeare: Ignorance is the curse of God; knowledge is the wing wherewith we fly to heaven. As rightly pointed out by the legend of literature that with the power of knowledge one can have access to the doors of heaven. It is not only he who recognised the importance and value of knowledge in the world, but several brilliant minds have also focused on its vitality and proficiency that it possess within itself. In my point of viewRead MoreThe Benefits Of College Internship979 Words   |  4 Pageswas expected would be nice. That opportunity does exist: it is an internship. Internships are positions taken by students in order to meet a school requirement or to gain experience. Internships usually have participants that are students in college or graduate school. While there are a multitude of beneficial reasons to participate in an internship, they have proven to have some disadvantages. Students have conflicting views about whether or not a college internship should be a requirement for graduationRead MoreBenefits And Benefits Of Internships Essay728 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout the spring semester each year, college students begin to plan for their summer months off. For some, this is planning family vacations or trips to the beach with friends; however, for others it is cleaning up cover folders, updating resumes, and filling out applications for an opportunity that is highly compet itive and sometimes difficult to find: an internship. Although some argue that internships are unfair because students are essentially working a real job without receiving the moneyRead MoreThe Importance of Internships1025 Words   |  5 PagesTHE IMPORTANCE OF INTERNSHIPS Growing up in school, students are constantly reminded that a college education is necessary to make a decent salary. Over the years, it has become evident to many young adults that this statement is indeed true. However, as the need for jobs increases, so does the necessity of being more competitive in a work field. Since our generation has grown up knowing that graduating from college is a necessity, a college education is no longer enough to be competitive inRead MoreEssay on Unpaid Internships: Pricy or Priceless?1618 Words   |  7 PagesEvery college student is concerned about his or her academic future, especially nowadays in times of the economic crisis. College students are desperate for experience that might distinguish them later from other job applicants and improve their chances of getting their desired jobs. Internships provide valuable experience necessary for jobs and are an important part of the academic career. However, when it comes to internships, the issue of unpaid internships may be raised with opinions differingRead MoreInterns Will Build Good Network978 Words   |  4 PagesInterns will build good network. Everyone you meet in an internship is a potential contact for your network and someone you can call upon for advice and referrals when you are job-hunting closer to graduation time. ïÆ'Ëœ You will build your resume. Any kind of experience on your resume is helpful, but career-relevant internship experience will make a better impression on employers than your serving job. Many employers use internships as a trial period and will already have plans to recruit on a permanentRead MoreThe Benefits Of College Internship709 Words   |  3 Pageswould be nice. That opportunity does exist: it is an internship. Internships are positions taken by students in order to meet a school requirement or to gain experience in a field of interest. Internships usually have participants that are students in college or graduate school. While there is a multitude of beneficial reasons to participate in an internship, they have proven to have some disadvantages. Students have conflicting views about whether or not a college internship should be a requirementRead MoreThe Importance of Internships to College Students1533 Words   |  7 PagesSchool of Engineering obtained one or more in ternships during their undergraduate studies. Of those who responded, eighty-two percent were employed full-time after graduation earning a median salary of $62,500 (Santa Clara University). This research exhibits that internships can be an important strategy in the efforts toward job search for both students, as well as for employers looking to hire valuable employees. As defined by InternNE.com, an internship is any carefully monitored service or workRead MoreEssay on High School Internships1528 Words   |  7 PagesHigh School Internships When thinking about graduating high school and going into college, do you ever think that you will get a job right when you graduate? Yes that may be the case for some individuals but for the more technical jobs and the ones that require more schooling for, look for student who have experience with their major. It is important to know the different internships that are offered throughout high school and college. Browsing through the Missoula hospitals web pages I found informationRead MoreInternships Do More Harm Than Good965 Words   |  4 PagesInternships do more harm than good What is an internship? An internship is a work-related learning experience for individuals who wish to develop hands on work experience in a certain occupational field. Most internships are temporary assignments that last approximately three months or up to a year. After reading the essayâ€Å" Take This Internship and Shove it â€Å" by Kamenetz Anya who graduated from Yale University, I agree with her that internships do more harm than good because of the opportunity cost

electric guitars free essay sample

This article will tell you about guitar choices, cost, and what is reasonable for what kind of player. The prices are not exact! They are averaged from guitar stores. The information may not be 100% correct (such as prices and information that can change easily) so this is a close estimate. Always remember to play the guitar on an amp at the store before you buy it. This is a good way to know you like the guitar. A good guitar is easy to use. A good guitar is a known name by most guitar players. If you go to the guitar store and you try to buy a guitar, ask the owner if he has heard of that guitar and is it known. If he has never seen or heard about it, it might not be a good guitar because it is not a known manufacturer. If the guitar is not known, it still might be a good guitar. We will write a custom essay sample on electric guitars or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Play it on an amp at the store before you buy it. Most electric guitars range from $120-2.8 million. 2.8 Million is the record for the most expensive guitar. It is a signed Fender Stratocaster. Good beginner guitars are around $120. Intermediate guitars cost from $200-$500. The experts play guitars that cost from $500-$15,000. If you don’t have a lot of money to spend on a guitar, then you would go for the used market in which guitars cost around $60-$130. The used market might have guitars in perfect condition for about $70. In the used market, you can buy $2,000 guitars for $200 if they were scratched, dented, or broken on the inside or out. They also might be used but cost a lot. If they had a Les Paul that looked perfect, just because it is in the used market does not mean it is cheap. If it is used but in perfect condition, it would still only be about $200 less than new. Some well known guitar names are Fender, Gibson, Epiphone, Gibson SG, Les Paul, Aria, B.C Rich, Ibanez, Stagg, and ESP. Those are the big names. They cost around $200-12,555. The guitar company with the best range of guitars from price and level of playing is Fender. Their guitars range from $200-$2.8 million. Fender has a good price range and guitars for even the most experienced or inexperienced players around. Electric guitars usually have 6 strings. Some guitars have 7, 8, or even 12 strings! The double-neck guitars usually have 12 strings. The original double-neck guitar was a Gibson SG Epiphone. The double-neck guitar has two 6 string necks. 12 strings take time to learn. There are other double-neck guitars but SG is what comes to mind when you think of double-neck guitars and what kind. They are cool. If you read this article and you decide to buy a guitar, go to a local guitar store. If you see a guitar you like, ask to plug it into an amp. Play some notes to see if it sounds good and feels comfortable. If the guitar is awkward at first, it should be. It takes time to get use to your new guitar. You should also play some other guitars to see which one you like better. If you make your decision, then ask them to tune your guitar. When you take your guitar home, plug it in and play. If you get lessons, you can learn the strings and what they are called. If you like guitar, keep playing. You can start a band and maybe have a career as a guitarist!

Urban Pollution Essay Example

Urban Pollution Paper People all over the world are migrating to cities in search of jobs and cultural advantages, especially in Asia. This has resulted in the formation of huge megalopolis areas and surrounding peer-urban environs. In China, a 40 million urban area is planned. The effects of cities on people are not well- understood. Cities require huge amounts of energy, resulting in large quantities of waste products, causing unsustainable environments. Cities are sources of air, water and soil pollution. Light and noise pollution are now known to adversely affect urban people. The role of urban heat islands and air pollution, PM. And ozone, on human health is beginning to emerge. Lack of green space may have psychological effects for urban dwellers. We began to explore the nature of the urban environment and pollution on human health and well-being at PEPPY in Boston in June of 2010. This very successful conference identified many areas Of urban life that warranted further investigation. PEPPY aims to continue the exploration of the rubberiest are the source of numerous dangerous gases, particularly vehicles (passenger cars, lorries, buses, etc) which produce, in particular, carbon dioxide (CA), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SIS), nitrous oxides KNOX), benzene, ozone, etc. In addition to fine particles emitted by diesel motors which represent a serious threat to human health. Heating installations use fossil fuels which also pollute the air of our cities. We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, in numerous urban agglomerations, the main source of the deterioration of air quality is from industrial facilities which spew out veritable poisons into the air, which is then breathed by riverside residents. Smog, which so commonly caps our famous megalopolises is a terrifying palpable demonstration of atmospheric pollution . An environment and how we can begin to create a healthy and livable environment in cities. For more than a century, cities have functioned as super magnets, attracting millions of rural residents to their proverbial shores. Each of these individuals has needed water to live, that is, to drink, to prepare food, and also to wash up and for other basic needs. Cities under constant development must therefore constantly increase their water resources and their water treatment capacities. In numerous countries, this has created nearly insurmountable problems and hundreds of millions of human beings are not guaranteed daily access to potable water ; as regards wastewater the lack of effective collection ND treatment facilities means that wastewater is often quite simply dumped back into Nature, often into the ocean, which creates serious and lasting pollution problems. Lest we not forget the cleansing effect of rainwater which wash numerous pollutants into the ground and other water sources, including lakes and oceans. By grouping millions of individuals on small surfaces, cities in fact multiply problems related to waste management, this waste yet another source Of ground pollution. As such, we find great amounts of numerous pollutants in the ground including : lead, arsenic, chromium, recurs, hydrocarbons, dioxins, acids, solvents, etc. It is probably superfluous to mention the great dangers that these toxic substances present to humans, animals and to Nature, more generally. Unfortunately, there are other sources of pollution created by cities, notably noise and light pollution. Automobile traffic, in addition to creating considerable gaseous emissions, is also a source of considerable noise. In cities, millions of people live in an environment which is never quiet as cars, motorcycles, buses, lorries add to the noise created by trains, tubes, planes, etc. A lack of privacy and inhabitant insist exposes citizens to additional bothersome noise from their neighbors as they engage in professional or recreational activity, as the case may be. The result is an increased level of stress for persons that are exposed to this, and a considerable decrease in their quality of life. The inhabitants of most cities in the 21 SST century live in an electromagnetic  « fog  » due to waves emitted from more and more electronic devices. Mobile telephone networks, with their antennas and their devices (mobile telephones), wireless internet networks (Wife, etc. ) with their computers, radios, televisions in addition to arsenal appliances, such as microwave ovens, etc . Create this fog. In short, a long time ago cities could offer a quality of life better than that Of the countryside. However, nonstop growth in the number of urban inhabitants, resultant decreases in living space and the related exacerbation of pollution problems forces human society to reconsider the urban lifestyle. Rearranging the equation to put humankind at the centre, to offer humans decent living conditions and to imagine cities that respect both the environment and future generations, etc. A major challenge for the megalopolises of today and tomorrow.

Still Hungry in America Essay Example

Still Hungry in America Essay Example Still Hungry in America Paper Still Hungry in America Paper Still Hungry in America Marian Edelman Wright wrote the famous literacy narrative Still Hungry in America. Marian Wright has been a proponent for disadvantaged Americans her entire life. Edelmans career began after graduating from Spellman College and Yale Law School. After graduation, she became the founding president of the Childrens Defense Fund (CDF). In result of Edelmans phenomenal leadership, CDF has become the nations strongest voice for less-fortunate families and children. The mission of CDF is to leave no child behind. This mission was imposed to ensure that every child has a healthy start, a head start, a fair start, a safe start, and a moral start in life and a successful passage to adulthood. In addition, in the many professional positions Edelman held, her primary purpose was to stand up for the ones who lived in poverty and for the ones starving from food shortage. By writing Still Hungry in America, she intended to communicate this purpose so others would Join the cause and help prevent family and children starvation. Her objective in this particular writing is to how how important government assistance programs are too many Americans. She made it very clear in her writing, that although America is the richest nation in the world, many Americans still suffer from or is on the verge of starvation. She also made it very clear that it is important to fght for these programs whenever necessary because although these programs have proven to be helpful to the American people, there are some people out there who fill they are a waste of government spending. It is easy to draw this conclusion because Edelman had to fght back at several groups n the past who tried to defund state and government programs. She also attempted to persuade readers to see her point-of-view by elaborated on the struggles she encountered and overcame in the past. In addition, she had to fght for more programs that would help less-fortunate American on a large-scale level. In result, she help fght for the implementation and expansion of government programs such as food stamps. Moreover, Edelman uses specific quotes to build her argument such as Im not hungry, dont worry about it. These quotes add to her writing significantly. In result of using this quote, it is very clear that her writing is now a combination of ethos, logos, and pathos. This is true because ethos means convincing by the character of the author, pathos means persuading by appealing to the readers emotion, and logos means by the use of reasoning. All three of these terms are clearly seen in this particular writing. Personally, I believe this writing relies more on logos than any other term. I believe this because she is mainly persuading by reasoning. By diamannichols

20 Tips to Improve your Writing Productivity

20 Tips to Improve your Writing Productivity 20 Tips to Improve your Writing Productivity 20 Tips to Improve your Writing Productivity By Michael So youd like your latest writing project to get moving faster. Great writers have felt the same. Dont worry, its fixable. When the words stop, writers have effective ways of getting them moving again. Plow new ground Write multiple drafts instead of obsessively editing the same one. You can tell the same story, but tell it over again. You will probably feel more encouraged. That part that you never knew how to fix? Maybe your new draft doesnt have it anymore. Commit to a consistent schedule Write daily, not someday. Start today, not tomorrow. Find the best time for you. Resolve that 6:00 a.m or 9:00 p.m. will be your regular time for writing, and thats it. If you dont make time, you may not find time. Use the time you have. After all, you cant use the time you dont have. Though its definitely easier to write when you dont constantly switch tasks, you cant wait for large blocks of time to appear in your schedule. They may not. Instead, take advantage of the minutes between tasks, time that might have been misused. And when you cant write, prepare to write. Set priorities I regret to inform you that you cant do everything. You cant spend three hours a day watching television, four hours playing video games, eight hours at work or school, eight hours sleeping, two hours eating, and one hour writing. That totals 26 hours a day. Youll have to cut something from your schedule. Do you want to write or not? Count words, not minutes. You may feel lighter and freer if you know that you can get up from your chair and play golf as soon as you have written 1,000 words. You may write faster out of sheer anticipation. Count minutes, not words. On the other hand, sometimes the words get hard and so does your chair. If your mind is strained, tired or muddled, maybe you should limit your writing time. But find a goal you can stick to. Im not giving you permission to give up easily. Don’t begin at the beginning The title and first lines are the hardest parts to write. They get easier after youve finished the rest, and having perfected them may not help you write the rest more efficiently. So dont bother writing them first. You can change the title any time before the release thats one reason why movies have working titles. Start in the middle Actually, start writing the part that most inspires you, Start where you want to, where your creative urge is strongest. You can add introductions and conclusions later. Write your favorite part first. Choose an audience You can write most effectively when you know who youre writing for, when you can picture them in your mind. Then you know more clearly what the purpose of your writing is. Change your audience If your writing gets stuck or even boring, try picturing a different reader. Maybe you werent picturing any particular reader at all. No wonder your writing sounded unfocused. Imagine youre writing to your best friend, your best customer, your biggest fan, or to your grandmother. (Write regularly to your grandmother, if you have one.) Take very small steps If youre overwhelmed by the thought of writing the whole piece, tell yourself to only write one sentence then make yourself stop. Science fiction writer Roger Zelazny used to advise authors to write two sentences. Never rewrite until you’re done writing. There is a time for writing and a time for editing, and most writers cant do both at once. Editing as you write will slow down your writing, often to a standstill its a major cause of writers block. Once you get started, ideas will come running fast enough that you wont have time to refine them until after the stampede. When one project bogs down, switch to another. We were built for variety, and the specialization of the Industrial Age has lessened us. You werent meant to always do the same thing. Keep more than one project bubbling at once. When you (temporarily) lose interest in one book, you always have something else to work on. Please only yourself. You can pretend to be interested in a genre because it sells well, but youre competing against other writers who arent pretending. Competition in the publishing world is tough enough. Im not saying to ignore market forces if you enjoy writing in two genres, its fine to pick the more popular one. But if you focus on what you know best, you can write faster and research less. And theres less competition. Your teacher is not looking over your shoulder. Too often, school teaches children to write and teaches them to hate writing. Writing gives us a way to share ourselves, and we should love it. Grammar is not sharing; its only an aid to sharing. Style is worthless if it doesnt help your reader. You have no obligation to sound like anyone but yourself. Keep a notebook When you have a fresh idea, write it down and store it up for the times when you dont. Make notes of interesting expressions youve overheard, describe scenes youd like to write about, record physical details. Dont wait for inspiration. If your Creative Muse doesnt flit into your room and shower inspiration upon you, go out into the hallway and take her by the hand. If you were in your chair writing at your scheduled time of 6:00 a.m. or 9:00 p.m, she would have known where to find you. Look in your notebook there should be some inspiration there. Say what you really mean If you get stuck or tangled in your writing, try this: pretend youre talking to a child and say, What I really mean is. Then say what you really mean. My college speech teacher used a similar technique. When nervous students showed up to give their first speech, she told them, You dont have to give your speech, just tell us what you would have said. Change your medium. If you cant get your writing to move, try telling your story out loud. Leave yourself a voicemail. Send it as an email to someone. Send it as a text. Write it as a series of headlines. Write only the outline. Use a pencil. Use a crayon, as James Thurber did. As his eyesight diminished, he had to write one letter per page. And you think you have problems. Write any way you can. If you feel constricted as a writer and the words dont come, work around your block. Dont force yourself to stay on the main point. Tell your backstory, share your history, give the background, explain the alternatives. Youll get back on track soon enough. How many of these tips have you tried? What other tips have worked for you? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food†Capitalization Rules for the Names of GamesGrammatical Case in English

The Craft of Public Administration Statute Essay

The Craft of Public Administration Statute - Essay Example Accommodating the suggestion either, totally or with modifications or restrictions; deferring action resting on the suggestion or looking for additional information concerning its operation and impact; rejecting a proposal because it does not have value or would be contradictory with other rules or a statute. (Magat 70) When an advisory committee decides primarily that a particular modify in the rules would be suitable, it normally asks its journalist to prepare a draft modification to the policy and an explanatory committee note. The draft amendment and committee note are discussed and nominated upon at a committee meeting. (Magat 72) Once an advisory committee vote initially to recommend an amendment to the rules, it is required to obtain the approval of the Standing Committee, or its chair to issue the proposed amendment for municipal comment. In seeking publication, the advisory committee must give details to the standing committee the reasons for its suggestion, including any marginal or separate views. (Magat 83) The reporter prepares a summary of the printed comments received from the municipal and the proof presented at the hearings. The advisory committee next takes a fresh look at the anticipated rule changes in light of the printed comments and testimony. ... Once the advisory committee decides to carry on in final form, it submits the proposed amendment to the Standing Committee for approval. (Magat 86) Stage 4. Approval by the Standing Committee The standing committee considers the final recommendations of the advisory committee and may recognize, reject, or modify them. If the Standing committee approves a projected rule change, it will pass on to the judicial conference. (Magat 90) Stage 5. Judicial Conference Approval The judicial Conference generally considers proposed amendments to the policy at its September assembly each year. If approved by the conference, the amendments are transmitted to the Supreme Court. (Magat 91) Stage 6. Supreme Court Approval The Supreme Court has the authority to lay down the federal rules, subject to a legal waiting period. 28 U.S.C. 2072, 2075. The Court ought to transmit proposed amendments to assembly by May 1 of the year in which the modification is to take effect. 28 U.S.C. 2074, 2075. (Magat 93) Stage 7. Congressional Review Congress has a statutory period of at least 7 months to take action on any rules prescribed by the Supreme Court. If the Congress does not pass legislation to decline, amend, or defer the rules, they take outcome as a matter of law on December 1. 28 U.S.C. 2074, 2075.

History in the 21st Century Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History in the 21st Century - Term Paper Example The different approaches applied when studying the subject create uniqueness throughout the different historical eras. This essay will therefore investigate various historical approaches in the 20th century. The essay will also investigate the implication of the different approaches in history to scholars. Similar to ancient and medieval history, the twentieth history had its unique approach and method. Marxism is a historical approach of the twentieth century that was introduced by Marx. Through his philosophy, Marx had many followers who believed that that the existence of any society is determined by relationship between individuals and not the personal characteristic of each member of the society. Marxism historical approach was introduced at the height of conflict between capitalism and communism. According to Marx, capitalism was unsustainable and it would soon be overtaken by communism. Marxist considered the economy to be a key player in the determination of events or differe nt approaches taken by life. Introducing the notion of economy was an appropriate step that the Marxist took to study the subject. This is because the economy is a major determinant of social life and societies. The economic condition of a given community determines the different approaches towards life that the communities take for their own interest. The need to maintain economic stability also determines the different measurers that are taken by a community to protect its interest. Although communism might be a better economic approach, it is unsustainable and hence the predictions made by the Marxist are not realistic. Economic sustainability is realized from sustainable economic principles. Such economy is more likely to be realized from a capitalist economy than from a communist economy. This indicates that the predictions made by the Marxists are unrealistic and unreliable in the long-term. The new social history is the most recent branch of history. In this technique, histor ians apply cultural approaches to study political history of a given society. Culture is the overall collection of a community’s way of life and beliefs. Communities preserve their culture by passing it from generation to generation. The culture of a given society therefore defines a form of investment that a society makes over a long duration. Culture is therefore as good basis that historians can rely on to determined or investigate the political history of a certain community. The approach taken by the new social history to study the political history of a society is an appropriate approach since it utilizes the culture of a society1. Multiculturalism is more of an ideology than a historical approach. Scholars, who apply this approach in their investigations, consider the existence of cultural institutions. The institutionalization of different communities is the classification of different communities based on their common interests. Historians who study the society throu gh multiculturalists approach study the subject by analyzing the different classes of the society such as businesses, cities, nations and institutions. People have a tendency of forming groups that contain people with a common interest. The different groups or societies determine people way of life and their different approach towards life. Although this approach enables history scholars to study the general characteristic of a community, it does not give specific or detailed information about a community. The ap

In The Heart of Darkness Essay Example for Free

In The Heart of Darkness Essay In The Heart of Darkness, Marlow learns firsthand the consequences, cruelty, commerce, and corruption of color consciousness in European colonialism. The mercantilism and capitalism which were gaining currency in Europe officially spread throughout the world by the colonialism. This focus on wealth acquisition drives the Europeans to loot African territories of the precious ivory, ignites the vicious cycle of violence and cruelty, dehumanizes the Natives of Africa, and takes modern racism to a whole new level under the pretext of civilizing and pacifying the African peoples. Marlow, who is the protagonist in this book along with Kurtz, bears testimony of his voyage to Africa that: â€Å"I have seen the devil of violence, and the devil of greed, and the devil of hot desire† (Conrad 34). These explanation sums up what Marlow encounters in Africa and gives a hint as to crimes of colonialism which existed in the name of trade and conquest. The Heart of Darkness explores the darkest motivations of colonialism and highlights its pillaging agenda by commercialization of a culture, the denuding and exploitation of great wealth. In the Scramble for Africa, European countries unanimously agreed on sacking and claiming portions of it. The agreement legitimized the groups of pirates posed as traders to exchange with and enslave the native peoples in a second round of Neo-Slavery. The significance of the title, Heart of Darkness, flows in tandem with the love of money which is the root of all evil. This imperialist greed is what exposes â€Å"the criminality of inefficiency and pure selfishness when tackling the civilizing work of Africa† (Hawkins 286). The heart is wholly given over to the selfish pursuit of wealth and encumbers the masses by enslavement and deception. Kurtz is the embodiment of European colonialism â€Å"for mostly his expeditions had been for ivory† (Conrad 92). The price of ivory is invaluable. As testament to the presence of the extraction of Ivory in colonial times, we have the Ivory Coast. The natives would hunt the elephant for the ivory and then would trade it for shells, strings, rum etc with the European ‘explorers.’ Just as Kurtz’ life revolves around the hunt and gain for ivory (wealth), the central purpose of the Scramble for Africa which instigated the European colonialism is commerce, which was only exploitation of an ignorant people. Kurtz is introduced to Marlow as a man â€Å"grubbing for ivory† (Conrad 72). Marlow/Conrad uses a skilful literary technique in dehumanizing the Europeans for only animals grub for food. Ivory becomes not only the food which feeds their insatiable desires for self-aggrandizement, but also holds an enshrined position as a god, to whom their veneration ascends. As a newcomer on the expedition, Marlow heard â€Å"the word ivory rang in the air, was whispered and sighed. You would think they were praying to it. A taint of imbecile rapacity blew through it all† (Conrad 44). These men sell their souls for a natural resource in the name of commercialization and prosperity. Under the aegis of a company, plans were made to undermine the rights of the people and to acquire more territory. Marlow frequently alludes to â€Å"the Company† for whom he works. It is the East Indian Company which established trading posts and for whom Marlow, Kurtz, and several other British men render service. Conrad states that â€Å"the Company had the right to every bit of information about its territories† (Conrad175). Here is a bold statement which demonstrates the company authorizing decrees, setting up surveillance, annexing territory, and claiming rights to ownership and governance. The embryonic signs are already being made manifest that Neo-colonialism is going to rear its head to prominence. As if to emphasize the financial nature of their purpose and intercourse with the people, Conrad underlines that the team of the Company were like those of El Dorado, â€Å"hunters for gold or pursuers of fame† (Conrad 17). Conrad makes a pertinent connection with the conquistadores and Spanish explorers of the ‘New World’ who searched and hunted for gold due to the mythological tale of hidden treasures in the jungles. The motives and the techniques have not changed. The goal of the men to Africa is specifically to conduct trade although there is full-blown cartography going on along the book similar to the early Spanish explorers. Describing the manager of one of the Company’s stations, Marlow describes him as one whose â€Å"eyes glittered like mica discs† (Conrad 45). This comparison of his eyes to mica tells of his mercenary vision and objective. Mica is a silvery precious stone which gleams like diamond-like crystals which a hexagonal shape. It was considered a jewel since it was rarefied in Europe thus highly costly. The cruelty of European colonialism is plain to the sight in Heart of Darkness, and is a by-product of a darkened heart. The presence of rifles, guns, and bayonets of the Europeans versus the spears, bows, arrows, and clubs of the Native makes this novel very bloody, dehumanizing, violent, and brutal. The paragon of cruelty is of course, Kurtz who embodies the Machiavellian ethic of colonizers who do whatever is necessary to achieve their own ends. As Marlow enters Kurtz’ dwelling, Marlow is greeted by the heads which stand on stakes and adorn his home like medals (Conrad 94). What barbarous man would have dead cadavers of beheaded victims constantly surrounding him! The reeking of death in Heart of Darkness is â€Å"the scent of the lies’ taint as it emanates from the symbolic corpses and metaphoric decay that litters the course of the story† (Steward 319). Moral decay and decadence are what corrupts Kurtz and which becomes materialized in the cadavers around which he surrounds himself. Whatever the colonizers could not obtain by deception, they take by force. Cruelty comes naturally to Kurtz to the point that it overtakes him. Even Kurtz threatens to kill Marlow on one occasion in demand for some of the latter’s ivory. Often intertribal war would erupt because of hunting conflict and robberies-it was a bloody, cruel affair. Marlow depicts the hunting as â€Å"just robbery with violence, aggravated murder on a great scale† (Conrad 69). In one instance Marlow witness to the merciless beating of an African by one of the European traders as punishment (Conrad 23). Cruelty is a tactic employed to subject and to intimidate people. A startling case of this is the beating of the African which Marlow records earlier in the book. The castigation occurs in front of several of his own people who stand around doing nothing to help the beaten victim. Marlow sees the strong Africans around him and knows that they can overpower the white men, however, the mind is already enslaved and terrorized therefore the Europeans have free rein over Africa. Whipping is a punitive method which recalls the times of slavery where slaves had to be lashed as incentive to toil harder or as an example of warning to others. Sometimes cruelty is the means and sometimes it is the end. Violence breeds violence. As the Europeans continue to assume rights and invade territory, the people of Africa rise up in rebellion. A few men of their team are killed by the African artillery. Marlow attests to the ammunition where he observes â€Å"a heavy rifle, and a light revolver carbine – the thunderbolts of that pitiable Jupiter† (Conrad 98). Moreover, Africans negotiated the ivory trade provided that they could acquire the high caliber weapons of the Europeans so that in their local wars, they could have a greater advantage. The proliferation of arms serves the Europeans’ purpose to divide and rule so that cruelty against the Africans advances the ruin of the Africans when they kill one another. The consequences of colonialism are too many to be enumerated; however the primary ones are dehumanization, exploitation, poverty, and the death of a culture. The European colonizers place a negative construction on Africans which Marlow himself has done. Although he only narrates the story based on his Eurocentric perspective, it is still colored with bias, prejudice, dehumanization, and condescension toward the Africans. Viewing a people as inferior justifies their slaughtering and the plundering of their goods. Marlow says that he sees â€Å"twenty cannibals splashing around and pushing† (Conrad 61) in a river. This epithet ‘cannibal’ represents the less than flattering aspect of the African upon which the European fixates thus debasing them and their culture as subhuman. Cannibalism existed in some areas of Africa; however, for all the time that Marlow remains in Africa he is not eaten. Calling Africans cannibals was a normal act however which was in vogue among the Europeans. The Africans are never considered human in the novel. They are named â€Å"black figures† (Conrad 48), â€Å"savages† (Conrad 98), barbarian â€Å"naked human beings† (Conrad 97), â€Å"nigger† (Conrad 23), â€Å"shadows† (Conrad 100). Matched up against animals, Marlow compares their sounds to â€Å"a violent babble of uncouth sounds† (Conrad 38). No African speaks intelligibly in the novel seeing that their foreign tongue has a cacophonous, guttural, and animalistic note. As a result the power of discourse solely belongs the white man. â€Å"Edward Said suggests that colonial power and discourse is possessed entirely by the colonizer† (JanMohamed 59). The dehumanization of the African serves to yoke them with The White Man’s Burden masterfully expounded by Rudyard Kipling. â€Å"Marlow feels that colonialism can be redeemed by embracing an idea unselfishly. That idea can be compared to Rudyard Kipling’s The White Man’s Burden† (Farn 16). Broaching more in depth the theme of European colonialism, Marlow comments that â€Å"all Europe contributed to the making of Kurtz†¦the International Society for the Suppression of the Savage† (Conrad 83). Here he admits Kurtz’ collusion with Britain and other members of Europe in oppressing African peoples. The beating of the Africans like little children or animals also contributes to the debasement of this people from whose lands they were benefitting. A savage is semi-human if he is at all, and since to the colonizers he has nothing to say, nor are they interested in deciphering his tongue, they take greater liberty at enchaining him in a web of incomprehensible deceit. Dehumanization is crucial in the process of colonialism for enslavement of the mind comes first and then the enslavement of the body and person. The colonized individuals will must be broken, set at nought value and then the colonial is at liberty to dominate, exploit and commodify the human being. â€Å"The colonial legacy in Africanist ethnography can never be negated, but must be acknowledged under the sign of its erasure† (Apter 577). Commodification converts the sacred into the profane (Marx 1848). The English explorers were the colonists of their day and once they constructed the Africans as inferior, or below their culture, dehumanization becomes easy and an almost natural step. The bitterest servitude was imposed and cruel aggressions executed and perpetrated against the Africans. Brutality, demonization and savagery are justified for the indigenous peoples are not fully human; consequently the Indians are wholly in their power through gratuitous cruelty and carnage. European colonizers profited from servility and subjugation. Through force, coercion and duress the European colonizers manipulate for ivory or exact ivory, while treating the natives like excrement. The role of color in European colonialism is easy to fathom in The Heart of Darkness. The depth of the color of darkness has several connotations which Marlow picks up along the way. First of all, the association of black has both positive and negative meanings. Blackness exemplifies richness, depth, and unity; on the other hand, black also is equated with evil, corruption, colonialism, and the devil. By the book’s name, one can see that there is a colored system which Marlow has to see for himself to believe. Views about the human nature and the human heart are also studied as one sees its enormous capacity to perform beastly, monstrous acts and these are the traits which color and taint his heart. Heart of Darkness conveys the â€Å"timeless myth about the exploration of the human soul and the metaphysical power of evil† (Raskin 113).Colonialism is all about color and thrives on, the color line, the division of the races. The European whites are distinguished about the African blacks; the color on the maps is a legendary key indicating the colonized areas of Africa. Marlow realizes that Kurtz’ heart is black as hell toward the end of the novel. The ignorance and primitiveness of the Africans are contrasted with men who lived in the light of civilization. Hence, the reader gains a broad and deep insight in understanding the color codes as Marlow himself comes to grasp, as he represents the vicarious witness through whose eyes, the reader observes the process of colonization in Africa. In sum, Conrad effectively critiques colonialism and places before the reader the darkened heart: the commerce, cruelty, corruption, and color consciousness in European colonialism in Heart of Darkness. These elements plunge both the colonist and the colonizer in an abyss of ruin where both become dehumanized, financially or morally bankrupt, and violent. The period of Neo-colonialism in Africa accomplishes great havoc in the name of progress, commercialization, and prosperity.

Ikemefuna’s Death in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart Essay -- Things

Ikemefuna’s Death in Things Fall Apart Okonkwo’s participation in the slaying of his adopted son, Ikemefuna is a pivotal moment in Things Fall Apart. It is a moment of horror that cannot please Ani, the great earth goddess, the center of community, the ultimate judge of morality for the clan. It is a moment that changes the course of events, a moment eerily paralleled in the death of Ezeudu’s son. It is a moment that ultimately causes Okonkwo’s son, Nwoye’s to abandon his ancestors and become a Christian. It is a moment when the center of community life, the need to honor blood ties and the need to respect the earth goddess, can no longer hold. It is a moment when things fall apart. "That boy calls you father. Do not bear a hand in his death," advises Ezeudu, the oldest and most respected man in the village (Achebe 57). Although he treats the boy as a son (28), Okonkwo’s greatest fear is to be thought effeminate. He ignores Ezeudu’s advice and accompanies the party that takes Ikemefuna to his death. Ikemefuna feels safe, not believing that harm will come to him while his fos...

Happy people make people happy Essay

Like yawning, many recent studies have proved that laughter is contagious. Does this necessarily imply that when you smile to a complete stranger, he will smile back to you? Or on the other hand, when you frown at a complete stranger, he will frown at you as well? To find out the answer, we designed an experiment to test will happy people make people happy. Independent variables are the factors we manipulated. There are two independent variables in this test. The first one is our emotion conditions when having eye contact with the strangers, i.e. smile condition, frown condition and control condition. We define smile condition as smiling without teeth, frown condition as knitting our brows, and control condition as having a neutral facial expression. The second one is gender. To understand if gender matching matters, we will test the three conditions with strangers with the same gender and the opposite gender. Dependent variables are the variables being tested in the experiment. In this test, the dependent variables are the responses from the participants. We will rate their responded expression in 5 categories: clear frown, small frown, neutral, small smile, and clear smile. However, there are confounding factors that may affect the results of the experiment. Confounds are the extraneous variables in an experimental design that correlates with both the independent and dependent variables. Possible confound is the original facial expression of participants. Randomly choosing participants is a way to prevent confounds. To further eliminate confounds, we will choose complete strangers as participants and will not tell them about our test beforehand as they may confound the result by giving us what they believe we want to see. The last thing we do is to execute this test in a consistent way. We have strict control over our facial expression to make sure that our expressions will not defer a lot among participants. This is not a simple test as what we originally consider. The first obstacle we encounter is not having enough confidence to frown at people. It is not difficult to smile at strangers, but frowning at strangers is somewhat weird  that we hesitate for a long time before having confidence to complete the test. The second obstacle we encounter is there are possible biases in choosing participants. For example, we tend to choose participants with the same race or at similar ages with us. This may create possible confounding factors to the test. The last obstacle we encounter is finding suitable participants. Since we want to choose participants that are walking alone and not distracted by phones or music, surprisingly there are only a few can be found around campus. It takes us quite a lot of effort and time in finding suitable participants for the test. Before conducting the test, we state our hypothesis as when we smile to people, people will smile back to us; whereas when we frown at people, people will frown at us as well. We come out with this hypothesis because we believe ones emotion can influence others, that is when there are optimistic and happy people in a group, other members in the group will become happy more easily; whereas when people in a group are generally in a pessimistic and unhappy mood, other members in the group will be influenced and become unhappy as well.

Deception Point Page 3

He clucked ruefully. â€Å"Thirty-four. Almost an old maid. You know by the time I was thirty-four, I'd already-â€Å" â€Å"Married Mom and screwed the neighbor?† The words came out louder than Rachel had intended, her voice hanging naked in an ill-timed lull. Diners nearby glanced over. Senator Sexton's eyes flash-froze, two ice-crystals boring into her. â€Å"You watch yourself, young lady.† Rachel headed for the door. No, you watch yourself, senator. 2 The three men sat in silence inside their ThermaTech storm tent. Outside, an icy wind buffeted the shelter, threatening to tear it from its moorings. None of the men took notice; each had seen situations far more threatening than this one. Their tent was stark white, pitched in a shallow depression, out of sight. Their communication devices, transport, and weapons were all state-of-the-art. The group leader was code-named Delta-One. He was muscular and lithe with eyes as desolate as the topography on which he was stationed. The military chronograph on Delta-One's wrist emitted a sharp beep. The sound coincided in perfect unison with beeps emitted from the chronographs worn by the other two men. Another thirty minutes had passed. It was time. Again. Reflexively, Delta-One left his two partners and stepped outside into the darkness and pounding wind. He scanned the moonlit horizon with infrared binoculars. As always, he focused on the structure. It was a thousand meters away – an enormous and unlikely edifice rising from the barren terrain. He and his team had been watching it for ten days now, since its construction. Delta-One had no doubt that the information inside would change the world. Lives already had been lost to protect it. At the moment, everything looked quiet outside the structure. The true test, however, was what was happening inside. Delta-One reentered the tent and addressed his two fellow soldiers. â€Å"Time for a flyby.† Both men nodded. The taller of them, Delta-Two, opened a laptop computer and turned it on. Positioning himself in front of the screen, Delta-Two placed his hand on a mechanical joystick and gave it a short jerk. A thousand meters away, hidden deep within the building, a surveillance robot the size of a mosquito received his transmission and sprang to life. 3 Rachel Sexton was still steaming as she drove her white Integra up Leesburg Highway. The bare maples of the Falls Church foothills rose stark against a crisp March sky, but the peaceful setting did little to calm her anger. Her father's recent surge in the polls should have endowed him with a modicum of confident grace, and yet it seemed only to fuel his self-importance. The man's deceit was doubly painful because he was the only immediate family Rachel had left. Rachel's mother had died three years ago, a devastating loss whose emotional scars still raked at Rachel's heart. Rachel's only solace was knowing that the death, with ironic compassion, had liberated her mother from a deep despair over a miserable marriage to the senator. Rachel's pager beeped again, pulling her thoughts back to the road in front of her. The incoming message was the same. – RPRT DIRNRO STAT – Report to the director of NRO stat. She sighed. I'm coming, for God's sake! With rising uncertainty, Rachel drove to her usual exit, turned onto the private access road, and rolled to a stop at the heavily armed sentry booth. This was 14225 Leesburg Highway, one of the most secretive addresses in the country. While the guard scanned her car for bugs, Rachel gazed out at the mammoth structure in the distance. The one-million-square-foot complex sat majestically on sixty-eight forested acres just outside D.C. in Fairfax, Virginia. The building's facade was a bastion of one-way glass that reflected the army of satellite dishes, antennas, and rayodomes on the surrounding grounds, doubling their already awe-inspiring numbers. Two minutes later, Rachel had parked and crossed the manicured grounds to the main entrance, where a carved granite sign announced NATIONAL RECONNAISSANCE OFFICE (NRO) The two armed Marines flanking the bulletproof revolving door stared straight ahead as Rachel passed between them. She felt the same sensation she always felt as she pushed through these doors†¦ that she was entering the belly of a sleeping giant. Inside the vaulted lobby, Rachel sensed the faint echoes of hushed conversations all around her, as if the words were sifting down from the offices above. An enormous tiled mosaic proclaimed the NRO directive: ENABLING U.S. GLOBAL INFORMATION SUPERIORITY, DURING PEACE AND THROUGH WAR. The walls here were lined with massive photographs – rocket launches, submarine christenings, intercept installations – towering achievements that could be celebrated only within these walls. Now, as always, Rachel felt the problems of the outside world fading behind her. She was entering the shadow world. A world where the problems thundered in like freight trains, and the solutions were meted out with barely a whisper. As Rachel approached the final checkpoint, she wondered what kind of problem had caused her pager to ring twice in the last thirty minutes. â€Å"Good morning, Ms. Sexton.† The guard smiled as she approached the steel doorway. Rachel returned the smile as the guard held out a tiny swab for Rachel to take. â€Å"You know the drill,† he said. Rachel took the hermetically sealed cotton swab and removed the plastic covering. Then she placed it in her mouth like a thermometer. She held it under her tongue for two seconds. Then, leaning forward, she allowed the guard to remove it. The guard inserted the moistened swab into a slit in a machine behind him. The machine took four seconds to confirm the DNA sequences in Rachel's saliva. Then a monitor flickered on, displaying Rachel's photo and security clearance. The guard winked. â€Å"Looks like you're still you.† He pulled the used swab from the machine and dropped it through an opening, where it was instantly incinerated. â€Å"Have a good one.† He pressed a button and the huge steel doors swung open. As Rachel made her way into the maze of bustling corridors beyond, she was amazed that even after six years here she was still daunted by the colossal scope of this operation. The agency encompassed six other U.S. installations, employed over ten thousand agents, and had operating costs of over $10 billion per year. In total secrecy, the NRO built and maintained an astonishing arsenal of cutting-edge spy technologies: worldwide electronic intercepts; spy satellites; silent, embedded relay chips in telecomm products; even a global naval-recon network known as Classic Wizard, a secret web of 1,456 hydrophones mounted on seafloors around the world, capable of monitoring ship movements anywhere on the globe. NRO technologies not only helped the United States win military conflicts, but they provided an endless stream of peacetime data to agencies such as the CIA, NSA, and Department of Defense, helping them thwart terrorism, locate crimes against the environment, and give policymakers the data needed to make informed decisions on an enormous array of topics. Rachel worked here as a â€Å"gister.† Gisting, or data reduction, required analyzing complex reports and distilling their essence or â€Å"gist† into concise, single-page briefs. Rachel had proven herself a natural. All those years of cutting through my father's bullshit, she thought. Rachel now held the NRO's premier gisting post-intelligence liaison to the White House. She was responsible for sifting through the NRO's daily intelligence reports, deciding which stories were relevant to the President, distilling those reports into single-page briefs, and then forwarding the synopsized material to the President's National Security Adviser. In NRO-speak, Rachel Sexton â€Å"manufactured finished product and serviced the customer.†

Understanding Issues in Organizational Behavior

Understanding Issues in Organizational Behavior Free Online Research Papers A. How effective are non-monetary incentives in relieving stress? Monetary incentives at first glance appear to be motivational and accepted as such by most people but not always does it carry much length in satisfaction. Relieving employee stress goes further than monetary compensation from your employer. Non-monetary compensation in consideration to assist employees with stress comes in many forms. Employees under stress would most likely look forward to paid time off, schedule adjustments and the possibility of a more flexible work shift. I my experience non-monetary incentives have resulted in a more effective response from employees. Happy employees perform better and produce better results in the work environment. B. How does employee motivation impact organizational performance? Employee motivation plays a large part in an organizations performance and productivity results. Motivation encourages people to try and achieve their designated task and goals. For many, motivation provides a sense of accomplishment and the good feeling of belonging to an organization in control of their destination. Being part of something structured can often offer much motivation for employees. Lack of motivation among the work force can result in low encouragement to achieve, promote negative feeling about the organization and the organizations concerns about its personnel. Organizations who promote positive motivation expresses awareness and acknowledgement about their employees further enhancing creativity and productivity results. C. In today’s business environment, what is the importance of a culturally diverse workforce? Today’s business is almost non-existing without cultural diversity taking main stage in the workforce. The importance of culturally diverse in the workforce is just as important as the business market today if not more. Understanding and learning how to deal with cultural diversity can only widened and opened global opportunities for organizations to succeed. By becoming more adapted to the needs and indifferences of all the many cultures within business and particularly the workforce, organizations have expanded and opened the doors to great success potential. Accepting diversity and maintaining a positive and motivated organization in today’s business world is priority for many businesses around the world. The workforce is the core structure of an organized business, dealing with diversity and creating a positive and diverse workplace will only promote success and performance. Research Papers on Understanding Issues in Organizational BehaviorResearch Process Part OneOpen Architechture a white paperAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalPETSTEL analysis of IndiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemTwilight of the UAWMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

A Brief History of Seat Belts

A Brief History of Seat Belts The first U.S. patent for automobile seat belts was issued to Edward J. Claghorn of New York, New York on February 10, 1885. Claghorn was granted United States Patent #312,085 for a Safety-Belt for tourists, described in the patent as designed to be applied to the person, and provided with hooks and other attachments for securing the person to a fixed object. Nils Bohlin Modern Seat Belts Swedish inventor, Nils Bohlin invented the three-point seat belt - not the first but the modern seat belt - now a standard safety device in most cars. Nils Bohlins lap-and-shoulder belt was introduced by Volvo in 1959. Seat Belt Terminology 2-Point Seat Belt: A restraint system with two attachment points. A lap belt.3-Point Seat Belt: A seat belt with both a lap and a shoulder portion, having three attachment points (one shoulder, two hips).Lap Belt: A seat belt anchored at two points, for use across the occupants thighs/hips.Lap/Shoulder Belt: A seat belt that is anchored at three points and restrains the occupant at the hips and across the shoulder; also called a combination belt. Car Seats - Child Restraints The first child car seats were invented in 1921, following the introduction of the Henry Fords Model T, however, they were very different from todays car seat. The earliest versions were essentially sacks with a drawstring attached to the back seat. In 1978, Tennessee became the first American State to require child safety seat use.

Developing New Venture for an Entrepreneur Essay

Developing New Venture for an Entrepreneur - Essay Example Reflective learning enables use to learn from the past experience and improve upon that. While an entrepreneur exploits opportunities, a good entrepreneur creates opportunities innovatively. The success of Hinna Azeem in the jewellery brand is a proof of her reflective entrepreneurial skills. Introduction A few years ago Hinna Azeem was a young girl living a hectic life in London. She happened to have a passion for Gems and Jewellery. She turned to be more enthusiastic as she became familiar with it. She cherished the dream of becoming a jewellery designer and she took up the evening class to learn jewellery making and designing at St.Martin’s Collage of Art and Designing. Hinna’s dream rolled out as jewellery brand in the year 2000. It took more than two years to stabilize the business through a steady growth. Her passion for designing jewellery got better with her travelling experiences around the world including the gemstone rich areas of Africa, Asia and South Ameri ca. Her professionalism and personal inclination to stones helped her to make unique and versatile designs. While it was designed to be stylish to enhance the beauty of women, she aimed to make those available at affordable prices. She promoted on the view of making a women look complete with perfect set of jewellery. The timeless designs of H. Azeem, along with affordable price tags, soon captured the attention of the masses and the brand became very popular. Steadily climbing up in the graph the company turned out to be profitable in less than two years. Her production was outsourced to suppliers in the far off countries with the objectives of cheap labour and availability of materials. Though she had gained the potential to turn her brand into an icon of fashion, using tactics like outsourcing and so on, she kept the public trust by maintaining low prices. Having achieved tremendous success in the business, Now, H. Azeem plans to enter into the category of men’s jewellery. As it enhances the market for the business, she provides an excellent customer service department with an effective network of after sale service. She outsourcers to retailers for sale and now the firm also have an online portal for sale. These could be termed as the strategic and technical skills she adapted to remain unique in the market. Being young and intelligent, she has been acknowledged as one of the outstanding entrepreneurs. She has now been recognised by scholars and news makers as an innovative, successful proprietor. Report The following is the report of our group. As we kept on moving about fulfilling the task requirements, each one of us was challenged with problems and difficulties. This report, however, formatted individually, enables one to analyse how every one had completed the assigned task in connection with our reflective learning outcomes. At the end of the individual report is the conclusion which is the group’s overview. Individual 1 An entrepreneur is the one who look forward to exploiting opportunities to maximum

Business and Social Approaches to Social Media Essay - 1

Business and Social Approaches to Social Media - Essay Example Identifying how this particular tool is now being used and identifying the ways that it can work for others that are using the Internet is then creating a different approach to connecting online. Theories of Social Media The use of social media for businesses is one which relates specifically to the ability to connect with others online through specific mediums. The social media platforms consist of areas which users can interact and connect with other like-minded users. The growth of this has led to platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Wikipedia and business areas where others can connect. The concept is now known as web 2.0, where interaction and user-generated content is providing more applications and alternatives for those that are online. The concept of using these tools is based on the demographics, ability to display a specific message to viewers and the ability to collaborate with business ideas that will attract potential customers to a business (Kaplan, Haenlein, 2010). Th e approach which is now being taken with social media has allowed the main concept to transform the way in which many are approaching business and interactions. When searching for the user-generated content, there is the ability to connect with others that are interested in specific ideologies, consumerism, and choices. A business can specify demographics, target markets and other concepts that are from a given profile. From this, there is the ability to transfer information and knowledge about the business and to create a connection to customers. This creates a social graph, in which one business connects to potential customers and begins to expand with the specific target markets that are available through the interactions and known interests that are listed on the various online portals (Qualman, 2011). The concept which has been used with approaching target markets has also led to the promotional mix is a model which is followed. This has been built into a hybrid model that is u sed for communicating with others and for interactions that are able to get specific results with online marketing. Consumer to consumer communications as well as promotions from businesses is the two main focuses of the hybrid promotional mix that is used for user-generated content. This occurs with the main promotion, advertisement or page that is listed on a social media site or website. The consumer then has the ability to focus on direct responses by commenting on the promotional tools with engagement. For businesses, this means that the promotions need to have positive responses from consumers while ensuring that the discussions work in favor of the business. The promotional mix that is needed is then based on gaining a sense of control with the promotions that are used for the social media portals (Mangold, Faulds, 2009). The interactions with customers and the way which this is associated with the promotional mix are then leading to the need to put the public relations of a business as the main priority. The amount of control that is a part of the user-generated content is based on finding a way to build credible forms of marketing and interactions that are online. The use of effective communication, ability to increase exposure and creating a strong presence and brand loyalty are some of the focuses that are a part of using social media online.  

Individual analysis of an organisation of student's choice Assignment

Individual analysis of an organisation of student's choice - Assignment Example Wal-Mart emerged as a global retailing corporation from being a local retailer with the successful implementation of a unique and undisputed supply chain and operations management system within the business. The major characteristics of the operations management of Wal-Mart which have driven the success of the company on a global platform are the unique inventory management systems, non-replicable everyday low pricing strategies, the use of high end technology and integration in the supply chain and a centralized procurement and distribution system. Wal-Mart has become the undisputed leader in the retail segment through the use of the everyday low pricing strategy which has driven high volume of sales and subsequently increased profitability for the company. Wal-Mart is acclaimed for having maintained the highest operating profit margins, inventory turnover and sales per square feet among the retail companies operating in the United States and other countries in the world. The operat ions management of Wal-Mart has played a key role in the popularity of the company and the emergence of the company as the number one retail business among many players in the retail industry. Wal-Mart as a business has both internal and external stakeholders. Both the internal as well as the external stakeholders of the company have much interest in the activities and management of the business. The internal stakeholders of Wal-Mart include the shareholders, the management and the employees of the company. On the other hand, the external stakeholder group comprises of mainly the customers, suppliers, distributors, competitors and the governments of the countries in which the stores of Wal-Mart operate. The most important internal customers are tee employees and the most critical external customers of Wal-Mart are the customers of the business. Wal-Mart is renowned for managing its human resources very well and is currently

Budget Information Problem Based In Metroline Travel Engineering Accounting Essay

Budget Information Problem Based In Metroline Travel Engineering Accounting Essay This report outlines a budget information problem based in Metroline Travel engineering and logistical function. The report also presents a discussion and analysis of a budget information problem with reference to the problem solving frame work. The project also includes the 4 Ps within the marketing mix, limitations of incremental budgeting, 10 criteria which are proposed for good-quality information and a financial analysis of the logistical function overtime cost. These analyses are necessary for competent decision-making. In addition, the report concludes with an investigative examination of these problems and plausible recommendations to address the companys deficiencies. Also noteworthy, advantages and disadvantages using the SMART framework with recommendations and implications will also be outlined. Contents Assignment 02 1 A budget information problem within the logistical function 1 B629/BZX629 Managing 2: Marketing and Finance 1 Report Prepared by: Kelemn Wyllie 1 Senior Material Support Manager 1 Metroline Travel 1 Tutor 1 Mr. Jay Naik 1 1 Date of the Report: 25-08-2010 1 Contents 3 TMA Part 1 5 Introduction 5 Stakeholder Analysis 6 Problem Statement 7 Figure 4 Internal Engineering Value Chain Analysis 7 Analysis 9 10 Conclusion 14 Recommendation 16 Figure 12 recommendations within the budget control loop 16 Bibliography 21 Appendix 22 TMA Part 2: TMA Activities 38 Activity 1: Week 6 Table 6.1 Three new tasks you could do at work 38 Activity 2: Week 6 Table 6.2 Costs Rewards associated with the proposed 3 new work 39 Activity 3: Week 6 Table 6.3 Communicating your proposed idea to peers in the organisation 40 Activity 4: Week 7 Table 7.1 How I currently deliver the service and how it could be improved 41 Activity 5: Week 8 Table 8.1 Focus group research on a marketing problem 42 Activity 6: Week 9 Table 9.1 Investigate marketing planning in my own organisation 43 Activity 7: Week 9 Table 9.2 The Marketing Plan 44 Activity 8: Week 10 Part A What financial information do you deal with at home and at work? 45 Activity 8: Week 10 Part B Share with other students what you hope to achieve by studying finance 46 Activity 9: Week 10 Table 10.1 Stakeholders financial information needs 47 Activity 10: Week 10 Table 10.2 Financial information requirements 48 Activity 11: Week 11 A completed version of Table 11.1 Garden Furnishings: solving the problem 49 Activity 12: Week 12 A Word Document noting your/your line managers budgetary information requirements 50 Activity 13: Week 12 Part A A completed version of Table 12.2 Template for cash budget 51 Activity 13: Week 12 Part B A Word document discussing practical application of master and cash budget information to problems of Garden Furnishings 52 Activity 14: Week 12 Resolving a budget information problem 53 TMA Part 1 Introduction As senior material manager in a public bus company called Metroline Travel. A subsidiary company owned by the Singapore based ComfortDelGro Corporation. See Appendix for profit and loss account and other related financial information as of 31st march 2010. The worlds second largest listed land transport company. The senior material manager supervises a team of 15 material support managers across London. These personnel are the logistical team and their core responsibilities are the supply, storage and procurement of parts to engineering (core activity). The logistical hierarchy is illustrated in figure 1. Figure 1 Metroline Organisational Structure (Logistical Department) Stakeholder Analysis Stakeholder analysis is a useful technique used to identify the key people within the logistical function framework. These key personnel are very important to the organizational structure because they have tremendous power and influence which affects the performance and future resource planning allocated from senior management. Managers should consider the organisations responsibilities and commitment to all its stakeholders. (Understanding marketing and financial information, P. 196) According to Mendelows matrix these can be grouped into to 4 categories which are illustrated figure 2 in Metroline Travel below: Figure 2 Mendelows matrix High Low C- Keep Satisfied D- Key Players A- Minimal Effort B-Keep Informed Low HighPower Level of Interest A- Drivers B- Operation, Suppliers C- Finance department D- Engineering (Core Activity) Assumptions To make the problem more bounded: Material managers have complete autonomy over their overtime Material manager received invoices on a Friday in May, June and July Budgets are formed outside the control of the logistical function Cost can be divided in to fixed and variable cost The material managers are constraint to 19 hours per week overtime (limiting factor) in line with the EU working time directive Problem Statement Budgets are used for detailed planning in the allocation of resources in a business. This information is important to management and stakeholders alike in assessing the activities and performance of an organisation, illustrated in Figure 3. The logistical function overtime budget is based on an incremental budgeting principle with an absorption costing approach for allocating cost per material managers. The incremental budgeting principle is based on 9% of their base salary plus current inflation. However, the material mangers overtime for May, June and July allowance were over budgeted which would affect workers long term motivational level working on a weekend. This over-budget affects the controlling, planning and decision-making of its activities. This overtime process is very important in maintaining a reliable service to engineering. Figure 3 Information direction Senior material support manager Material mangers Engineering The value chain consists of a series of activities that create and builds significance in maintaining a bus. An organisation can consider the activities in its value chain and assess if they are value added activities or non-value added activities. (Understanding marketing and financial information, P. 190) This is illustrated in figure 4. Figure 4 Internal Engineering Value Chain Analysis EQUIPMENT ENVIRONMENT OTHER OTHER INPUT MACHINERY OUTPUT TOOLS QUALITY CHECKS REPAIR REPORT ENGINEERS BUS REPAIR MANAGEMENT PARTS GARAGE OVERTIME OTHER MATERIAL MANAGERS OTHER PROCESS PEOPLE As their line manager; I was tasked by the head of purchasing and logistics to investigate and place corrective actions to bring this over budgeting back under control. This over- budget is illustrated in figure 5. Figure 5. Material Managers Overtime budget as of the 31 July 2010 MONTHS January February March April May June July USER Material manager 1  £800  £900  £100  £100  £445  £520  £549 Material manager 2  £0  £220  £200  £220  £458  £612  £323 Material manager 3  £0  £100  £500  £461  £552  £144  £66 Material manager 4  £0  £50  £100  £110  £100  £222  £366 Material manager 5  £0  £60  £631  £100  £223  £141  £316 Material manager 6  £200  £100  £211  £250  £300  £44  £342 Material manager 7  £0  £600  £0  £54  £642  £335  £559 Material manager 8  £102  £0  £200  £0  £452  £500  £445 Material manager 9  £200  £0  £130  £0  £452  £900  £498 Material manager 10  £500  £0  £45  £0  £100  £626  £613 Material manager 11  £100  £200  £115  £225  £100  £225  £889 Material manager 12  £0  £200  £25  £445  £252  £225  £789 Material manager 13  £200  £0  £255  £235  £231  £995  £145 Material manager 14  £0  £120  £22  £122  £85  £452  £445 Material manager 15  £0  £100  £12  £144  £200  £100  £112 Total =  £2,102  £2,650  £2,546  £2,466  £4,592  £6,041  £6,457 Budget  £4,000  £4,000  £4,000  £4,000  £4,000  £4,000  £4,000 Cost variance  £1,898  £1,350  £1,454  £1,534 - £592 - £2,041 - £2,457 adverse adverse adverse Total Budget-  £48,000 Monthly allowance  £4,000 Daily rate-  £12.60 Weekend rate-  £20.23 Analysis Market segmentation is an important marketing task described by Bonomo and Shapiro (1983), cited by Sargeant (2009). It has a number of advantages which can be used to identify existing and potential customers. By placing customers into different groups by successful targeting their needs and managing their expectations. Figure 5. Organisational market segmentation criteria (Operating variables) Engineering (core activity) Heavy user Suppliers Medium user Finance department Medium user OTHER Light users After speaking with the material managers and investigating their overtime sheets for the months for May, June and July submitted to payrolls. The investigation using; the problem solving framework (The Managers Good Study Guide, PG 69). I found that the material managers were working more on a weekend to incur the over budget this is illustrated in figure 6 in appendix, which the daily rate is  £12.60 while the weekend rate is  £20.23 The budgeting system can seriously influence the level of motivation and culture of an organisation, because budgets play a central role in (Understanding marketing and financial information, P. 155). This was because of an increase of activity; 40 plus financial invoices received from the finance department over May, June and July were received on a Friday and could not be completed that day because of day to day activities. These invoices needed to be resolved as soon as possible and took some time to process on the data base system for payment for the following week from finance illustrated in figure 7 . In addition, the limitation of the incremental budgeting, this budgeting type has inefficiencies and imperfections which were not noticed, until the increase of activity. Figure 7 total financial invoice hours to completion Using the 4 Ps- Price- Was the increase in the usage of overtime to complete the receipt of engineering invoices which will affect the material managers long term motivation coming into work allocating resources and imposing constraints on activity (Understanding marketing and financial information, P. 155). Product- Was the volumes and frequency of the engineering invoices given on a Friday identifying those areas that require corrective action (Understanding marketing and financial information, P. 155). Promotion- The finance manager; a senior manager requesting this activity be completed as soon as possible assessing how well managers have carried out their responsibilities (Understanding marketing and financial information, P. 155). Place- Is material managers working location assessing how well managers have carried out their responsibilities (Understanding marketing and financial information, P. 155). Budgeting is needed to provide managers at different levels with useful information to keep on the right road. This is illustrated in 11.2 the pyramid of purpose. This information is received for decision making. Corporate level- Provide a bus service to Transport for London Material manager overtime Support engineering Provide a bus service to Transport for London Provide parts and technical information Business level- Support engineering Operational level-Provide parts and technical information Operating Level-Material manager daily overtime Analysis of information criteria not being met There are 10 criteria which are proposed for good-quality information for decision-making; this is illustrated in figure 8. However the material managers overtime sheets were being sent directly to payroll, which added to the budget information problem. 1 Relevant- Their line manager had no knowledge of Material managers overtime 7 Timely- No Knowledge of Material managers overtime being over budget until at the end of the month 8 Communicated to the right person- Overtime sheets were sent directly to payrolls Figure 8 10 criteria which are propose for good-quality information for decision-making 10 Less costly than the value of the benefits it provides 9 Communicated via the right channel 8 Communicated to the right person 7 Timely 6 Concise 5 Trustworthy 4 Complete 3 Sufficiently accurate 2 Clear 1 Relevant Good-quality information for decision-making Analysis of the absorption costing approach From the cost analysis, the logistical function has a total budget figure of  Ã‚ £48,000. This is calculated by applying the  normal budgeted hourly rate of  £12.60 which is the budgeted man (direct labour) hours per manager according to normal capacity illustrated in figure 9, by the using the incremental budgeting principle. Figure 9 cost assignment is both Indirect cost- variable Overtime brought on by finance invoices Cost object Bus repair Direct cost- fixed Weekly overtime to provide parts and technical information to engineering The indirect and direct costs are equally distributed illustrated in figure 10, using the absorption costing approach which all cost is allocated to the main budget. This prevents monitoring of actual hours against the  actual spend within the budget. The resulting variances  should have enabled the logistical function to monitor the productivity and efficiency of all the managers. Hopefully, you can then see if there is a pattern or a reason for persistent adverse variance. The analysis will provide you with some clues about incentivize or modify  such behaviour via the budget building process. Figure 10 Relationship between costs Direct cost Variable cost Overtime brought on by finance invoices  £20.23 Fixed cost Weekly overtime to technical information to engineering  £12.60 Indirect cost Break-even analysis Break-even analysis identifies the level of activity and risk at which an organisation can generates no surplus or deficit. In the case of an over-budgeting issue; it relates to the point where the logistical function is in budget and will not be penalized for being over spent illustrated in figure 11. TotalJanuary February March April May June July  £2,102  £2,650  £2,546  £2,466  £4,592  £6,041  £6,457 Over BudgetNet Total =  £26,854 Total Budget- £ 48,000 Monthly allowance  £4,000 =  £48000- £26,854 =  £21,146 21,146(Fixed cost)/ 6 months =  £3,524 per month in overtime remaining  £3,524/ 15 material managers=  £234.93 per manager Direct cost  £234.93/  £12.60 = 18.64(Contribution) weekly hours per month or Indirect cost  £234.93/  £20.23 = 11.61(Contribution) weekend hours per month Figure 11 Break-even analysis Conclusion From the analysis, there is a clear budget information problem within the logistical function; the problem solving frame work has identified several problem areas. By Using the 4 Ps to illustrate Material managers working more on a weekend which has a higher premium rate than daily working. The limitations of the incremental budgeting; as an effective forecasting tool. 10 criteria; which are essential for good-quality information for decision-making. In which 3 criteria are not being met. In addition, not identifying true cost drivers within the budget. In which material managers that are working more on a weekend are not identified. These factors combined have affected the logistical function staying within their overtime budget. Recommendation Budgeting is part of the control process in organisations: the control loop (Understanding marketing and financial information, P. 134). The setting objectives, planning and implementing tasks, monitoring progress, reviewing results and adjusting tasks are crucial in staying and planning budgets illustrated in figure 12. Based on the investigative examination and analysis of the problems; these recommendations should improve the over- budget situation and return productivity. Figure 12 recommendations within the budget control loop Check against overtime sheets past weeks If not working- restart from the begin of the loop Operational level Provide parts and technical information Use recommendation outlined in action plan to control material manger overtime budget- budget building process Using the SMART framework from (Understanding marketing and financial information, Pg 122) the action plan will be outlined as the following Recommendation Timeline Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats (Price) Material manager weekly overtime sheets sent to senior material manager 1 week to start Giving back control to the line manager by improving the Relevant, Communicated to the right person and Timely elements of information Increase of Senior material manager workload To start a new process, which can be adapted throughout the company and monitor usage for next year budget review Material managers might feel disempowered which might affect there motivation (Place) Weekend overtime needs pre-approval 1 week to start Giving back control to line manager by improving the control element of the budgeting loop. In addition the material having to work on a weekend might increase their morale Increase of Senior material manager workload To start a new process, which can be adapted throughout the company and monitor usage for efficiency of material mangers Identification of cost drivers Control of weekend working (indirect labour) Material managers might feel disempowered which might affect their motivation (Product) + Promotion Finance manager giving the invoices on a Monday instead of a Friday 2 weeks to start Spread the work load of the material manager Direct labour cost Increase of material managers weekly workload Weekend overtime can be used to complete other essential engineering task Build up of daily work that carried over from day to day Rolling budgets Next financial year Flexibility is built into the budgeting system to deal with any changes arising from day to day activities Updated much more frequently increasing work load It encourage a high level of learning and flexibility Rolling budget can be expensive in terms of management and administrating time. Which might affect management morale and less time to manage Activity based costing Next financial year Understand what and where is driving costs Very time consuming, checking each material managers overtime sheet for cost drivers Understand of cost drivers  before an informed decision can be reached If inappropriate drivers are selected. then it could lead to incorrect decisions  resulting in loss of efficiency,  de-motivation of staff and eventual failure of the business Work shredding to engineering administration clerks 2 weeks Reduce in material manager weekend overtime- It asserts, on quite strong evidence, that 80% of our results are generally produced by 20% of our effort and that the remaining 80% of our effort is swallowed up in achieving that last 20% of our results Increase in administration clerks workload Training have to be provided- cost Training and development Increase in errors by new users. Responsibility still remains with material manager 1640 Words References B629/BZX629 Managing 2: Marketing and finance Understanding marketing and financial information by Produced for the course team by Andrew Lindridge and Haider Ali (Marketing) and Graham Francis and Michael Lucas (Finance) The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA 2010 The Open University The Managers Good Study Guide by Academic Editor: Sheila Tyler 2007 The Open University Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA Booms, B. H. and Bitner M. J. (1981) Marketing Strategies and Organization Structures for service firms in Donnelly, J.H. and George, W. R. (eds) (1981) Marketing of Services, Chicago: American Marketing Association, pp. 47-52. Hope, J. and Fraser, R.(2003)Beyond Budgeting: How Managers Can Break Free from the Annual Performance Trap, Boston, M.A., Harvard Business School. Francis, G. Et al, (2009), B629 Managing 2, Marketing and Finance, Understanding marketing and Financial Information Part 3, the Open University, Milton Keynes Lindridge A et al,, (2009), Understanding Marketing and financial Information, B629/BX629, Managing 2: Marketing and Finance Part 2, Chapter 6, The marketing Mix, Managing Channel Conflict ,Communication difficulties / Expectation Role Incongruities pg21, the Open University, Milton Keynes Johnson and Scholes (1993) Mendelows matrix, Exploring corporate strategy PG. 177 New York: Prentice Hall, 1993.   Bonomo, T. V. and Shapiro, B. P. (1983) Segmenting The Industrial Market, Lexington, Lexington Books, cited in Sargeant, A. (2009) Marketing Management for Non profit Organisations, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Bibliography Examples, Francis, G (2009), Understanding marketing and financial information, B629/BX629 Managing 2: Marketing and Finance Part 3, the Open University, Milton Keynes Lindridge, A et al, (2009), Understanding marketing and financial information, B629/BX629 Managing 2 : Marketing and Finance Part 1, the Open University, Milton Keynes Lucas, M et al (2009), Managing 2: Marketing and finance, Course Activities 3, the Open University, Milton Keynes Francis, G (2009), Understanding marketing and financial information, B629/BX629 Managing 2: Marketing and Finance Part 3, the Open University, Milton Keynes Tyler, S. (2007), The Managers Good Study Guide, 3rd edition, the Open University, Milton Keynes.