The Old Catholic Church :: essays research papers

Long before Christianity was divided into splinter groups, there was the erstwhile(a) catholic Church. Each locality had a church, and each church had its bishop who superintended their spiritual life. All churches and all bishops stood on equal footing with one another. For they were all have recipients of the Gospel of Jesus Christ from the Apostles. Each locality applied the Sacred Scriptures to their unique cultures. And from that effort, four great branches of Christianity developed Asian, Greek, Latin and Celtic.The Asian branch represented the Aramaic and Parthian perspective, which developed into the "Church of the East". It was later called the Nestorian Church. This great church evangelized the Asian world (including China) and gave us the Peshitta - the Textus Receptus in the language speak by our Lord.The Greek branch developed in the Hellenistic world which later became the Byzantine Empire. Most of the great Church Fathers came from this branch. They were re sponsible for formulating the early Creeds of Christianity.The Latin branch originated in North Africa and later rooted in southern Europe. The papist Catholic Church and many Protestant denominations have come from this branch. It became the authorised expression of Christianity during the Middle Ages.The Celtic branch of Christianity has been the minority branch within Latin Christianity for the last one grand piano years. But during the first one thousand years of the Christian era, it was the dominant branch in northern Europe and the British Isles. It was responsible for the survival of Christianity and of general knowledge during the barbarian invasions following the dissect of the Roman Empire.Celtic Christianity represented the interaction of the Druids with the teachings of the Bible. It was responsible for the unique personal consciousness, love of liberty, and the curiosity of Western man. THE CAMBRIAN CHURCHThe Church of Cambria was the fountainhead of Celtic Christi anity from the time of the Apostles and for many centuries thereafter. This was the logical result of the fact that Cambria had also been the center of Druidism. Converted Druids became the leading bishops of the Celtic world. During the early Middle Ages, the Cambrian Church make the core of the resistance to the dictatorial tendencies of the Roman Popes. During the late Middle Ages and the early Modern Era, its spiritual heirs continued that resistance against the entire edifice of Latin Christianity, whether Roman Catholic or Protestant. Today, the Cambrian Church is in "diaspora", especially in America.

Nothing Can Bring You Peace But Yourself. :: essays research papers

Nothing can bring you peace but yourself." "Yourself," I am idea about the time when my best friend died, and when I stopped being myself and my manner started going to hell. It happened maybe two or three years ago. The sidereal day is very clear in my memory. The weather was cold and nasty. The monotonous rain made everything outside look gray. I was at home, waiting for my girlfriend to arrive. I was sitting on the couch drinking hot tea and feeling warm and cozy. My cat was there too, I remember. We were watching a Mexican sludge opera, and I think the cat was enjoying it, but I wasnt paying much attention to what was going on. All I cared about was that my girlfriend was finally coming home and that we would be able to see each other again. She had left only four weeks earlier, but I missed her greatly. We had been friends since the first grade. In the beginning we were the worst enemies we just hated each other. Oh, how we fought One time she accused me of tak ing her soft touch, even though I did not know what marker she was talking about. I remember her mother came to school and everyone was mad at me and was convinced that I was guilty. Later she found her marker. It seems she had put it in a abuse box. This turned out to be the first, but not the last, accident that would occur. What didnt we argue about? After a while, hmmm, five years, we became the best friends ever. We were perfectly harmonious with each other. We began spending all of our time together. We were vital to each other. I came to know each and every detail about her as she did about me. My life was intertwined with her life and her life was intertwined with mine. It was the most enduring friendship of my life.I looked at the clock above my head. Four fifty. She was supposed to arrive at three oclock. I felt uncomfortable some weird feeling crawled around my heart. I did not understand it. I waited and waited. It was dark already and I was dismayed of being in soli tude. I couldnt stand it anymore. Five oclock.The call up rang and it startled me. Who might it be? I wasnt expecting a phone call from anyone.

Why Some Forms of Opposition Were More Successful than Others in the Pe

Why Some Forms of Opposition Were More Successful than Others in the Period 1798-1921 The number of Union, 1801. Ireland was to be joined to Great Britain into a single kingdom, the Dublin parliament was to be abolished. Ireland was to be represented at Westminster (all were Anglicans), the Anglican Church was to be prize as the official Church of Ireland, no Catholics were to be allowed to hold public office and there was to be no Catholic Emancipation. Immediately we can get together from this that any form of aspiration would be to destroy this act. Fundamentally it destroyed all catholic rights and forced them to renounce their Catholic faith and take on a Protestant one. In Ireland Daniel OConnell developed a reputation for his radical political views. By the early 1920s the Irish people started to listen to OConnells views and he gather a large group of supporters. OConnell had many aims in his political career. OConnells goal was to repeal aga inst the act of union. When the Act of Union was passed in 1801 it did not help the Irish. It evidently brought problems and distrust to the Irish people. OConnell organised a meeting to discuss the repeal of the Act of Union, three quarters of a million Irish turned up. They were cognise as Monster Meetings. We can see that OConnell successfully created an Irish nation movement and completely changed the British view of the Irish. The British now had a certain nub of respect for the Irish and even feared and threatened their movement. This support from the people could show us the later success that OConnell has in his opposition, as a movement without opposition would ultimately ... ...d in the cruellest yet effective way possible. Collins achievements were many he helped fight the British to a stalemate by changing the rules of warfare and setting up an intelligence network to rival the Empires. He helped negotiate a treaty, which gave Ireland the first stepping stone to become a Republic, and oversaw Irelands turbulent transition to democracy. His achievements were, however, not without a price. He precipitated the bloody War of Independence against the British and the treaty deal brought back from London split the country into two fiercely opponent halves and plunged the country into the throes of a traumatic civil war. Thus ultimately opposition needed to be well organised and have enough support to succeed, underlying nationalism had this through its methods of working through the system.

Causes of the Behavior of Transgenic Mice :: essays research papers

Selectively manipulating genes sess lead to a greater understanding of molecular and cellular brain functions and behaviors. However these particular proposition gene mutations may stumble compensatory changes that mask a phenotype or adds to it. Therefore it might be difficult to determine the specific effect of a mutation on behavior. This is especi aloney true since a mutation may be affected by the environment or a specific genetic background.Because of this it is important to find the best substance to understand and interpret behavioral data. The Morris Swimming task is a task where the animals atomic number 18 encouraged to find a platform in a water tank. Through careful examination it was strand that in that location where several behavioral trends. One of them is called thigmotaxis and it refers to the mice swimming near the wall without even trying to find the platform. This has to be overcome in order to achieve the goal. If it is not overcome then the stag e where the animal learns the location of the platform cannot be reached. A generalized variant of the mutant animals behavior might lead us to believe that it cannot achieve its task because of learning and memory impairment however it can be observed that the reason for its failure might be its inability to overcome its initial behavior. To verify that this is the cause of the animals behavior there is a technique called PCA. This technique allows researchers to correlate specific measures of the animals movements with various factors such as thigmotaxis to understand the specific causes of the behavior and how the mutation affects the animals. It has been found that 50% of the source of variation of the animals behavior is the inability to overcome thigmotaxis and is not related to its inability to perform learning tasks.To understand the specific effects of the mutation on animals one must also be careful to eliminate genetic background and environment as affecting performa nce. A Meta analysis of the data for the water task has shown that both environmental and genetic effect produce sufficient variation to account for the range of almost all behavioral measures. It is hard to determine the effects of the mutation alone without it being confused with effects from other sources. It is helpful to test inbred animals where heterozygous animals are mated to produce wild-type and homozygous offspring.

Existents In Alfian Saats Umbrella :: Alfian Saat Umbrella Papers

Existents In Alfian Saats UmbrellaIn the short story Umbrella, the author Alfian Saat relates the tale of a young Malay Singaporean secondary domesticate student, Hafiz. Alfian uses an older Hafiz as the narrator who recounts his experiences retaking his O levels for the second time. Hafiz tells us about his relationship with Chris, a tuition teacher hired by his father to divine service him pass his examinations.I feel that Umbrella is essentially a story about the imposition of certain norms and standards on members of society. It tells us how students ar conscious of the bespeak to fulfill societys notion of success. Through Hafizs eyes, we are led to see how he is trapped in this system that forces certain standards upon him but yet does not withstand him the appropriate training and skills to reach the standards. Thus, Hafiz is unable to fit into the identity that he is pressured to accept. We also see how Hafiz himself desires to achieve success as society perceives it, bu t last realizes his true identity and comes to terms with it, even though it may not be the norm. However, how does Umbrella cause such an effect on the reader? What tools are being utilized in the narrative that can invoke such feelings? I believe that the author uses what Seymour Chatman calls existents to bring out such an effect on readers. Thus, in this essay we will seek to discover how existents, namely character and setting, are employed to draw out such an effect.Firstly, let us emotional state at character. Tzvetan Torodov, a French structuralist, discusses two categories of narrative. He labels them as apsychological and psychological narratives. By apsychological, Torodov means narratives that are plot come to and by psychological, character centered (Chatman 113). Readers can discern that Umbrella is essentially psychological in nature. Most of the story takes place in Hafizs room and is generally presented by the conversations between Hafiz and Chris and through Ha fizs thoughts. There are few characters in this story. We have the protagonist Hafiz and his tuition teacher Chris as the two main leads. Along with them are less great characters such as Hafizs parents and a certain maths relief teacher. Chatman emphasizes that characters are important to a narrative and they should not be treated as specified plot functions (119). As such, these characters must play a crucial role in bringing out the effect of the narrative, and we will seek to decipher how this is done.

Stone Boy Essay -- essays research papers

Creative Task The Stone BoySix years ago, Arnold Curwing accident every last(predicate)y shot his brother with a .22 caliber rifle. He was nine years old at the time. Surrounding this incident, as you would expect, he was under fire by his neighbors and peers from thereon, even though it was an accident. Generally, they all blamed him. Some detested him for not getting in trouble. Some might debate that he got not enough punishment. Others might conclude that the fellowship of living the rest of his life knowing that he killed his brother would be punishment enough. The people that he loved, the people he was closest to blamed him, including his drive and sister blamed him. This is the kind of thing that a person nine years of age does not forget. For this reason I make the following analysis.When he was young, Arnold seemed like a child with no education, except for the knowledge that had been passed down the family &8211like the need to pick peas before the sun comes up, while t hey are calm down cool &8211 pieces of information like this would be all that he needs to get by when (we assume) he inherits the farm from his father. So he would not be very bright by todays standards. Naivety would be a characteristic you would expect from him as well &8211 it seems that in his community, mostly everybody would accept what is given to them and not question it. Uncle Andy for instance immediately believed the sheriffs verdict, be it correct or not, and is later quoted to have s...

Stone Boy Essay -- essays research papers

Creative Task The Stone BoySix years ago, Arnold Curwing accidentally shot his brother with a .22 caliber rifle. He was nine years old at the time. Surrounding this incident, as you would expect, he was under fire by his neighbors and peers from thereon, even though it was an accident. Generally, they all unholy him. several(prenominal) detested him for not getting in trouble. Some might debate that he got not enough punishment. Others might conclude that the knowledge of living the stick around of his life knowing that he killed his brother would be punishment enough. The people that he loved, the people he was closest to blamed him, including his mother and sister blamed him. This is the kind of thing that a person nine years of age does not forget. For this reason I make the following analysis.When he was young, Arnold seemed like a child with no education, except for the knowledge that had been passed down the family &8211like the need to pick peas before the sun comes up, wh ile they are still cool &8211 pieces of teaching like this would be all that he needs to get by when (we assume) he inherits the farm from his father. So he would not be very skilful by todays standards. Naivety would be a characteristic you would expect from him as well &8211 it seems that in his community, mostly everybody would accept what is given to them and not question it. Uncle Andy for exercise immediately believed the sheriffs verdict, be it correct or not, and is later quoted to have s...

Redbull Marketing Communications Essay

ruddybull Marketing Communications Digital Campaigns Clarisonic launched a motion in October 2010, Breast Cancer Aw areness Month, in which the troupe promised to donate 1$ for every new homogeneous they received on their facebook fan page. Clarisonic used Facebook advertising, email blasts, twitter, youtube and even their own blog Sonic babble out to spread the word around their new like campaign. Clarisonic objectives included adding a thriving social media section to Clarisonics traditional cause marketing for nonprofit.moreover, Clarisonic wanted to increase awareness of their cross off and products, as well as increase awareness of their Facebook page. A nonher objective, which was the most direct objective, was to raise silver for Look skilfulFeel Better. Attaching their name to this cause withal allowed them to increase sales for their specialized products like Pink Clarisonic, which also benefits the Look GoodFeel Better charity. Clarisonic also aimed at marketing beyond their typical stain audience of women in their late 20s-50s.Some limitations that were faced was that it was only a two month count on and although it attracted a lot of views, interactions, and new Facebook fans, they would have to constantly engage the new fans that were outside their target market, who whitethorn not be interested in their real products being sold. Partnering with Look GoodFeel Better was a perfect fit for this campaign because both companies focused on transmitting a kernel of empowerment. Redbull On October 14, 2012 the world witnessed a breathtaking experiment Red bullshit Stratos. It took viewers to the edge of space and it was all organized by a hidden organization, Red Bull.The Red Bull Stratos mission was a record geological fault offspring, angiotensin-converting enzyme which saw Felix Baumgartner free fall from more than 23 miles above the earth, breaking a free falling world record while becoming the biggest digital live event on record . It reignited a yearning for the extreme, and created a clean-cut association with what was Extreme and Redbull. The objectives of Redbull marketers was to reach a lot of people, to excite them, give them something to talk about and look forward to and then to directly relate this imperturbableness to drinking their product.They wanted to break world records, not only in the actual freefalling aspect but the jade around the event. This hype could then be translated hopefully in an increase of brand awareness and in turn, an in crease in sales for Redbull. Clarisonic Clarisonic targeted current consumers of their product by advertising about the campaign on their blog, which users of their product read, as well as non users by making the campaign goal not just relevant for women or those that are in their 20s, 30s.The campaign therefore targeted a much broader audience, those that frequent charity events and support a good cause, not simply women in the beauty business concern sector. By making their campaign about much more than a physical beauty care product but something that benefits the greater cause, they were able to target men and women of all ages who support tailcer organizations and link this support of a good cause with their brand. Redbull The audience that was targeted in the Redbull campaign was extreme sport enthusiasts as well as the entire world that would also be excited to watch a world record breaking event.The target audience was broad and expanded past extreme sport enthusiasts which most of Redbulls marketing targets. Clarisonic Clarisonic campaign was extremely ethical as it raises awareness of a certain lavcer fund, donates money to the fund, and through these actions is able to also increase awareness of their brand and better their image. Had most of this money not gone(p) to a cancer organization, and just gone to supporting the brand, perhaps it would be less ethical. Redbull One could argue that the risk involved in this campaign was too much to be considered an ethical campaign for Redbull.Yes, it attracted a lot of new consumers and created record-breaking brand awareness but it was at the risk of being at the cost of a human life, which is unethical. Clarisonic They were extremely successful in one of their main objectives, which was to raise money for the Look GoodFeel Better cancer organization seeing as they raised(a) $1 million dollars and increased awareness of this great organization. Likes as well as interaction on their Facebook page continued to grow even by and by the two month campaign and n 2010 alone, their change of their Hope Mia skincare brush more than doubled compared the previous year. Clearly no one can know for sure if it was directly because of the like campaign but it is safe to say that the increased awareness did contribute to an increase in sales of Clarisonic products. The like campaigne increased Clarisonics fan page by 80 percent. Redbull Without a doubt Redbull a chieved its objectives of showing the world something that has never done before and reemphasizing their brand motto Redbull gives you wings. This event had a huge brand impact on Redbull. Not only did this campaign beat records and was unprecedented scientifically, it was also beating records in a brand marketing perspective. 1,000,000 pellucid user accounts were involved in the conversation regarding RedBull Stratos with a suggested audience of this content being up to 90,000,000. 2,000,000 new accounts were subscribed for Red Bull updates within a span of 15 days surrounding the event, these updates included all brand presences in the digital world.These represent engaged consumers that could possibly one day turn into paying consumers of RedBull. Most campaigns, much like Clarisonic are dominated mostly by likes or neutral commentary yet Red Bull Stratos had unmatched positivity and meaningful interaction from people around the world more specifically 820,000 pieces of extreme ly positive content was created in regards to Redbull Stratos. 50,000 distinct links were shared about Red Bull Stratos.More than 8 million concurrent live streams of the Redbull Stratus jump on YouTube was had which was the largest in Youtubes history. This kind of huge reach transcends RedBull Stratos and reaches Red Bull branding in almost ever single comment or interaction, which till this campaign and to this extent was unheard of. According to Vocus, sales of Redbull increased by 55% in the first few months following the campaign so already here we can see that not only did this boost brand awareness and image, it had a direct impact on offline consumer behavior.Clarisonic was always tied to cancer awareness funds in the past, their product line, Pink Clarisonic previously donated some proceeds to the Feel good, look better fund so this new like campaign wasnt a trigger of some outside market force, it was more an expansion of what was already underway internally in their bra nd image and concept of empowerment. Furthermore Breast Cancer awareness month was also somewhat of a trigger to tie their brand with this month awareness.Clarisonic competitors are low priced beauty products such as Olay Pro X which did not stray from their traditional marketing ways despite the success of Clarisonics like campaign. Personally, I would make this marketing chat campaign longer than two months, allowing the attention that Clarisonic was receiving to be exploited besides. I would also allow fans that mentioned Clarisonic on twitter to receive small samples of new products Clarisonic has, thereby engaging target consumers with the actual product at hand.Timing of this campaign was definetly in Clarisonics Favor. Breast cancer awareness month is a time where umteen want to donate themselves to the cause and this like campaign allowed them to do so effortlessly and without their own money, simply their participation in a brand they may not have been aware of. Connect ing themselves with Breast Cancer Awareness month also lends greatly to a better image for Clarisonic. Twitter did not come in greatly in this campaign other than to advertise for the campaign on facebook.Salespeople were not utilized in this champagne either which also could have further helped promote their products as well as their like digital campaign. Redbull Redbull was always tagged with an idea of extreme sports, they sponsored athletes, had their own extreme sport web episodes, and could be found at most sporting events. Therefore, the fact that this was the company that decided to do something so extreme and create so much digital hype around this event was definetly no surprise considering past records of RedBull. It was not triggered by stunts pulled by their competitors.The Redbull Stratos was able to reach millions more than their usual marketing antics. I would not recommend a thing to the Redbull Stratos campaign, I think everything they did digitally to boost this campaign was genius. The message was simple Redbull gives you wings and with a record-breaking free fall, they proven this. Millions will always associate the feeling of cool and extreme with drinking RedBull, and that in my opinion, can only be done by indirect selling of their drinks. No commercial or online campaign could create such brand association by simply telling consumers how cool their drink is.

Romeo and Juliet – Fate

What effect does the theme of fate have on the play ? Romeo and Juliet is a tragic love story where the two lovers equalise their unfortunate deaths caused by their feuding families and forbidden love. The play encircles the vital theme of fate, as demonstrated by a serial publication of events that occur. Firstly, the sheer birth of the pair of star-crossd lovers into controversial families is an act of fate. the fearful passage of their death marked love purely advises the audience that both characters would meet their deaths.Located within the prologue, these lines commence the play, jolting it into motion. Shakespeare explores the theme of fate by rendering the audience wonder, to what extent we are able to control our actions. Additionally, the actual come across of Romeo and Juliet is also an example of fate. At this point, the audience would be torn in two directions. They should be gazing in awe at their true love at first sight, but dread overtakes, as this encounter would eventually lead both to their deaths.Until death, does their fate continue to pursue and Shakespeare once again questions our ability of throw in will. a plague on both your houses Mercutio exclaims, striking a chord of Romeo and Juliets fate. When Mercutio is accidentally slain and as a consequence, Tybalt is killed, a forewarning materializes regarding the lovers downfall. subsequently banishment from Verona as a penalty for slaughtering Tybalt, Romeo shouts O, I am fortunes fool, which confirms fate would control his destiny.Furthermore, fate takes a strike when mendicant John was unable to deliver the letter to Romeo on time, therefore leading him to believe in Juliets death. Within this love story stars are utilize as the metaphor of fate. After Romeo realizes that Juliet is dead he cries .. then I defy you, stars In conclusion, Romeo and Juliet validates the theme of fate proficiently as Shakespeare carefully establishes the characters and plot contained by it. Without fate, this unfortunate story would fail to possess such a dramatic emotional outcome on its audience.

Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus Among African Americans

Type II Diabetes Mellitus among African Americans Type II Diabetes Mellitus is an adult-onset diabetes that affects 90% of the diabetes patients. It is when the body does not recognize the insulin being produced by the pancreas, or not enough is produced. Insulin is a hormone that sweats different cells to take up glucose for energy. Resistance to insulin causes the habitus up of glucose in the blood, which causes improper functions of cells and blood circulation, damage to nerves and blood vessels. The prevalence of geek II diabetes is highest in African Americans among ethnic and racial groups.African American type II diabetic populations have tripled in 1993 when compared to 1963. Type II diabetes is mostly developed after age 40, but the age is getting younger due to high rates of obese populations among African Americans. Major causes for such high rates include, hereditary traits, hyperinsulinemia, poor forage, obesity, smoking habits and lack of material activity. Some s ymptoms to notice are frequent urination, increased thirst and hunger, dry mouth, blurred vision, skin irritation and fatigue. Medical doctor diagnoses it after a verifying test called fasting plasma glucose test (FPG).Blood is drawn while fasting and analyzed for blood glucose levels. Normal is considered to be surrounded by 70 to degree centigrade milligrams per deciliter, and if it greater than or equal to 126 milligrams per deciliter, one is said to have diabetes. Although oral medications are available, type II diabetes can be controlled by proper diet and exercise. Frequent self-testing for glucose levels using a glucometer can provide information on how well you are doing managing the levels. Frequent doctor visits for glucose tests are recommended.If left uncontrolled, it can cause eye diseases such as retinopathy, which is more prevalent in African Americans than Caucasian Americans. It can also lead to kidney failure, amputation and the worst-case scenario, diabetic com a. Prevention is important to accrue these chances and avoid serious health consequences. Bibliography Search 1. Tuomilehto, Jaakko, Lindstrom, Jaana, Eriksson, Johan G. , Valle, Timo T. , Hamalainen, Helena, Ilanne-Parikka, Pirjo, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka, Laakso, Mauri, Louheranta, Anne, Rastas, Merja, Salminen, Virpi, Aunola,Sirkka, Cepaitis, Zygimantas, Moltchanov, Vladislav, Hakumaki, Martti, Mannelin, Marjo, Martikkala, Vesa, Sundvall, Jouko, Uusitupa, Matti, the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Changes in Lifestyle among Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance. impudently England diary of Medicine. 344 (2001) 1343-1350. 2. Brancati, FL. Incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in African American and white adults The atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Journal of the American Medical connector 283. 17 (2000) 2253-2259. 3. Robbins, JM, Vaccarino, V, Zhang, H, Kasl, SV. Socioeconomic status and type 2 diabetes in Afr ican American and non-Hispanic white women and men evidence from the Third National Health and nutriment Examination Survey. American Journal of Public Health 91. 1 (2001) 76-83. 4. Signorello, Lisa B. , Schlundt, David G. , Cohen, Sarah S. , Steinwandel, Mark D. , Buchowski, Maciej S. , McLaughlin, Joseph K. , Hargreaves, Margaret K. , Blot, William J. Comparing Diabetes Prevalence Between African Americans and Whites of Similar Socioeconomic Status. American Journal of Public Health 97 (2007) 2260-2267. 5.Bell RA, Summerson JH, Konen JC Dietary intakes by levels of glycemic control for black and white adults with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). J Am Coll Nutr 14 (1995)144154. 6. Weatherspoon LJ, Kumanyika SK, Ludlow R, Schatz D Glycemic control in a sample of black and white clinic patients with NIDDM. Diabetes Care 17(1994)11481153. 7. Wisdom K, Fryzek JP, Havstad SL, Anderson RM, Dreiling MC, Tilley BC Comparison of laboratory test frequency and test results between African-Americans and Caucasians with diabetes opportunity for improvement.Diabetes Care 20 (1997)971977. 8. Fagot-Campagna, A. Emergence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children epidemiological evidence. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinol Metab. 13. 6 (2000). 9. Osei K, Rhinesmith S, Gaillard T, Schuster D P. Impaired Insulin Sensitivity, Insulin Secretion, and Glucose Effectiveness name Future Development of Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Type 2 Diabetes in Pre-Diabetic African Americans Implications for primary diabetes prevention. Diabetes Care 27 (2004)1439-1446. 10. Osei K, Gaillard T, Schuster D P.Pathogenetic mechanisms of impaired glucose tolerance and type II diabetes in African-Americans. The significance of insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, and glucose effectiveness. Diabetes Care 20 (1997)396-404 11. Danadian K, Balasekaran G, Lewy V, Meza M P, Robertson R, Arslanian S A. Insulin sensitivity in African-American children with and without family history of ty pe 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care sublime 22 (1995)1325-1329. 12. National Institutes of HealthNIDDK Diabetes in African Americans. In Diabetes in America. 2nd ed. No. 951468 ed. , 1995,p. 613629

Berger’s Portrayal of Men vs Women

John Bergers Portrayal of Male versus Fe potent Nudity and its relation to Modern Society In the book Ways of Seeing, chapter 3 by John Berger, Berger outlines his portrayal of the differences between man cater and women and the manner in which they ar cultur bothy represented by analyzing nude depictions of woman in the European artistic tradition through paintings. The paintings overtime swallow demonstrated that men have more than power over women as they are the main spectators of the paintings, and the women are the object of the paintings.These standards described in his article are still significant in todays society, as seen by the reaction of the frequent to the advertisement displays of male nudity for the Leopold Museum in Vienna. According to Berger, the males presence is all about potency, power, strength and his abilities. He is viewed as the dominant being over the woman whereas the womens presence is about only her and what can or cannot be done to her. Women a re more concerned with surveying themselves the way of life they think others will see them so that they can act in a way that is appealing toward the men.This suggests that the way she views herself is the way society will see her. This theory is displayed in the styles of the European paintings. The paintings are geared toward the male viewer which gives him a real excuse for looking at the nude women in order to flatter himself. The paintings clearly demonstrate through the expression of the woman that the woman is aware that she is being viewed hence objectifying herself as a subject of a gaze. Berger simplifies this by saying Men look at women. Women watch themselves being looked at. (Berger, 47).The overall point the chapter makes is that men have more power over women, and because of this, women are property of the men. Bergers chapter gives many examples that support his portrayal that men are the more dominant gender. For example, when reflecting on the story of Adam an d Eve in the Garden of Eden, it is Eve who gets punished, and Adam that becomes the agent of God. In another painting, The Judgement of Paris, Paris awards an apple to the women he believes to be the most beautiful thus turning beauty into a competition. The woman who is the most beautiful is to be owned by the judge, thus objectifying the woman to the man.Berger withal mentions that some paintings also include a male lover however the attention on the women is rarely toward him, but is geared toward the viewer of the painting thus allowing the spectator the belief that he is the owner of the woman. Although Berger mainly talks about the cultural perspective of men and women, it is clear that his belief that men have more power over women are still occurring in recent society as seen in an article from The New York Times, and an article from BBC news on the public reactions to the nude male advertisements for the Leopold Museum in Vienna.Society today even creates this image that m en have more power over women, and when the roles are reversed, as displayed in the male nude advertisements, it causes public outrage. In the BBC article, according to Tobias Natter, the director of the Leopold Museum, when it comes to male nudity, Somehow it is taboo. (Bell). It is true that male nudity is getting a new presence in modern society and is becoming increasingly more normal, however one can still assume a few minds as to why in that respect was an opposition to the display of the naked men on the posters.Going along with Bergers view of women being the objects of the photos, the first reason is that having the men become the objects of the photos is extremely ludicrous and not something society is accustomed to. This is because the male is generally the power figure, and to see a man so vulnerable is such an unnatural thing. Another reason why these photos are deemed inappropriate is that because the male is now the object, the role of the spectator is now more di fficult to define. Men do not want to be put in a position where they survey themselves. According to Berger, that role belongs to the women.Men also do not want to be seen as having less power and more vulnerability. Female nudity is associated with beauty and erotics. It is meant to be unthreatening. Male nudity however is much more challenging. Society in general is uncomfortable with visual perception male genitalia in the public. Erich Kocina from the BBC news article states We are not used to seeing a penis I think that is the main fuss for people. (Bell). This opposition was reportedly greater among women because some women felt as though the images were pornographic and inappropriate for children to see.In the New York Times article, Klaus Pokorny, the museums spokesmen, stated that women had to shield their childrens look from the pictures of the naked men. (Cottrell). Also, because women are slightly more modest than men, they might be more prone to embarrassment. Even though society has advanced in so many ways, it is still a little slow in adjusting to the views of men and women. Many people these days say that men and women are equal. More women are working manly jobs, and more men are becoming stay at home fathers. However, male versus female nudity still appears to be an issue.This should not be the way society thinks but unfortunately, nudity is still not totally accepted. The advertisements of the nude men should be a good way to circularise the eyes of the public to see the direction in which society is advancing and have awareness that men and women should not be portrayed so differently. plant life Cited Berger, John. Ways of Seeing. London Penguin, 1972. 45-64. Print. Bell, Bethany. The shock of the (male) nude. BBC News MagazineVienna 18 Nov 2012, Web. 19 Jan. 2013 Cottrell, Chris. Viennese Museum to Cover Nude Ads. The New York Times 17 Oct 2012, U. S Edition, Web. 17 Jan. 2013.